During the reign of Dia Kossi, the Songhai Capital Gao was founded in approximately 800 A.D, and it eventually expanded to include the Mali Empire after conquering Timbuktu. Map created by reddit user whiplashoo21. South African War (1899–1902, in Southern Africa). This conflict is often considered to be one of the episodes that prepared the way for World War II. Wucherpfennig , Julian , Hunziker , Philipp , and Cederman , Lars-Erik . 2: Precolonial African societies. colonial wars, intra-state wars, inter-state wars, and international wars. Anglo-Zulu War (1879, in Southern Africa). It involved eight African nations and a variety of different militias. This general survey of the lives of women in pre-colonial East Africa draws upon recent innovative scholarship in multiple fields, especially that of historical linguistics. The Warrior Tradition in Modern Africa. Among the groups taking up arms for independence were Marxist People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA); the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), which was formed in 1958 and received financial and military support from the CIA, China, and the Congolese government; and the United Peoples of Angola (UPA) who launched their military actions from Zaire and merged with the FNLA in 1962. African political systems are described in a number of textbooks and general books on African history. Richard Reid. Pre-war Planning ↑ Great Britain ↑ By 1914, the European powers had formulated a few limited plans for their African colonies in the event of war in Europe. ... Communist and Marxist groups, often with significant outside assistance, vied for power during various civil wars, such as that in Angola, Mozambique and Ethiopia. Stapleton 2013 discusses military history in each of five geographic regions (North, West, East, Central, and Southern) in turn. 82-97. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1977. Colonial conquest and resistance, Pre 1900 Jan van Riebeeck arrives in Table Bay in April 1652 painting by Charles Bell Image source Several factors seemed to pave the way to apartheid, among them a colonial conquest, land dispossession, economic impoverishment, and exclusion from citizenship of Africans. Pays special attention to the Asante, the Zulu, the Sokoto Caliphate, and 19th-century Ethiopia. Angolan War of independence (4 February 1961 – 1974). DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139043090E-mail Citation ». of Illinois, U.S.A. Introduction Slavery and the Slave Trade have been age old … They brokered treaties with various local rulers along the West African coast and continued to oversee mass exodus of slaves from Africa up until the early 1800s. It rejects both the caricature of tribal warfare and the imagined pre-colonial African utopia. The risk of coups may lead rulers to exclude certain ethnic groups from power|despite creat-ing incentives for excluded groups to rebel against the government. Before 1900 there were a lot of trade of trade activities such as selling of ivory, grains and internal slavery. Here are just a few: -It was the largest and most costly war that the British fought during the 19th century. Slavery has historically been widespread in Africa. The African Conquest of Europe. Not surprisingly, the colonial era was filled with conflicts and battles, the outcomes of some of which wound up having greater historical implications other than simply who was victorious. These early settlers were dispersed and never coming togehter as a concentrated unit. Africa's involvement in these two wars helped fuel the struggle for independence from colonial rule. Citations and annotations for the individual chapters are listed in the appropriate section of this article. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998. Warfare in pre‐colonial Africa. In Africa, though, colonial commemoration was also a form of colonial propaganda – a means of glorifying the colonial project rather than the Africans who perished in the war. Most pre-colonial borders were fuzzy. British Armed Forces, from the Glorious Revolution to Pres... Communications, French Revolution to Present, Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert, Jacques Antoine, Hungary, Warfare in Medieval and Early Modern, India 'Mutiny' and 'Revolution,' 1857-1858, Japanese Army in the World War II Era, The Imperial, Justice, Military, the Anglo-American Tradition, Mexico and the United States, 1836–1848, Wars of, Semi-Military and Paramilitary Organizations, South West Pacific, 1941–1945, Campaigns in, Southeast Asian Military History, Colonial, Southeast Asian Military History, Precolonial. -300ce Axum (Ethiopia) Axum was a powerful North East African Empire which rose to power after the decline of Ancient Egypt and Nubia. Causes Of Underdevelopment In Africa Colonial Legacies; The colonization of Africa by the Europeans created a lot of problems that are still being addressed today on the African continent. It's just perverse that African museums need to borrow their own heritage from big European museums if they want to display some of the richest displays of their own African culture, history and heritage. Analyzing originally compiled data on precolonial African states provides statistical evidence for these implications about civil wars and coups between independence and 2013 across various model specifications. The Africans had tried to forge political, social, and economic institutions for proper management of their Vol. Italy may have thought that it finally had vengeance when Italian forces invaded Ethiopia in 1935 and annexed the country the following year, but their unwelcomed stay was relatively short-lived, as World War II Allied powers liberated the country in 1941. Critics continue to contest what they argue as a conscious effort by western historians and scholars to promote misinformation by terming the wars won by the colonial masters as ‘victories’ and those won by Africans as ‘massacre’. Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. Menilek’s victory gave him significant credibility with other European countries and bolstered his mandate at home, both of which helped to provide a period of peace in Ethiopia that allowed the country to flourish. Finally, this article will include works that cover all of Africa except those parts of North Africa that are more properly considered to be part of the Mediterranean or Arab worlds, i.e., modern-day Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt. Colonial rule in Africa is studied in two periods, divided by the First and Second World Wars. Origins Of The Songhai Empire. A collection of essays on the intersection of war, culture, and politics in modern Africa. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007. By the time World War I broke out, Britain and France collectively controlled 45% of Africa’s population. Kampala — Title: War in Pre-Colonial Eastern Africa Editors: Richard Reid. Prior to being carved up by colonial powers, Africa was divided into a 1See Blattman and Miguel (2009) for a comprehensive review. Search for more papers by this author. 2See Acemoglu and Robinson (2010), Bates (2008a,b), Collier and Gunning (1999) and Easterly and Levine (1997) for discussions of African economic and political development. Some societies were in the feudal mode of production. The author studied, among other things, the general character of these wars, the weapons used, the strategy and tactics employed, and their 'military and political achievement'. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2013. The wars resulted in the establishment of the British Gold Coast. In Southern Africa, Great Zimbabwe emerged as the most complex civilization throughout Southern Africa. The fifth expedition of the Somaliland campaign in 1920 was the final British expedition against the Dervish forces of Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (often called the "Mad Mullah" derogatorily by the British), the Somali religious leader. Here are some of interesting and noteworthy battles that took place during the colonial era in sub-Saharan Africa. Peace from the Past: Pre-Colonial Political Institutions and Civil Wars in Africa. So, the reasons behind the wars were sometimes similar to Europeans, but since the cultures were so very different and the needs of the people so very different pre-european invasion, the methods were far different. The war between Great Britain and the Boer (Afrikaner) republics of Transvaal and Orange Free State, which ended with British victory and annexation of the two Boer republics, is noteworthy for several reasons. Every uprising was more determined than the last, and although it led to many deaths, it shaped Africa for what was to come and planted the seed of independence. The early birds AKA our ancestors of the pre-colonial era, were known to have settled in territories in what is today called Nigeria about 13,000 years ago. Journal of Peace Research 53 ( 4 ): 509 –24. Ehret 2002 emphasizes the diversity and long history of precolonial social and political formations, whereas Curtin, et al. VI: 1870-1905. In fact, while we now have at least one good survey covering all of African military history, a few covering the period of “colonial warfare,” and a handful focused on the postcolonial period, only one book-length general survey of precolonial African warfare exists at this time—the first book in Timothy Stapleton’s three-volume work A Military History of Africa. For anyone looking for a single monograph on the general subject of precolonial African military history, this is the place to begin. 1870). The Portuguese arrived in present-day Angola in 1483. tries—given strategic incentives for ethnopolitical exclusion—should fight civil wars more frequently than ethnic groups in countries without a PCS group.Analyzing origin- ally compiled data on precolonial African states provides statistical evidence for these implications about civil wars and coups between independence and 2013 across various model specifications. Battle of Adwa (March 1, 1896, in Ethiopia) Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Often termed ‘rebellions’ when retold in history, these revolutions were resistance against slavery and colonialism. Second, I look at the current US ‘war on terror’, its causes, its connections with Africa’s other wars, and its … Africans are aptly referred to as pivotal in shaping the knowledge embedded in colonial documents. Those looking for a very short, clear overview of precolonial military forces, with good comparisons between some of the more significant military organizations of the mid-19th century (Asante, Zulu, Sokoto, and Ethiopia), should examine Vandervort 1998, and especially the introduction and first chapter to that excellent work on imperial warfare in Africa. The crushing defeat of Italian forces at the hands of Ethiopian King Menilek’s troops is one of the first decisive victories by African forces over a European colonial power. -It provided a preview of the type of warfare that would come to characterize World War I. 1) Endubis 270ce. The war chiefs and the chiefs of the land then began to embark on raids and wars to extend their power over families and villages, and this became a means of enrichment. The many conflicts, war, and rebellions that have occurred in Africa are sort of forgotten by most of the world. A rediscovery of the pre-colonial history of See, for example, Prof. Roland Oliver's /lltrodliclion 10 The Cambridge HislOry ofAfrica, Vol. Pre-history: By 100,000BC the San people had settle in southern Africa. A million people died in East Africa alone during World War I. Oliver Furley and Roy May (eds), Ending Africa's Wars: Progressing to Peace (Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006), ix +247 pp., US$99.95 hardback, ISBN 0-7546-3932-0. Plus, free two-day shipping for six months when you sign up for Amazon Prime for Students. Their climate is extremely harsh compared to … For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. war in pre colonial eastern africa the patterns and meanings of state level conflict in the 19th century eastern african studies 2 3 pdf drive search and download pdf files for free war discourse of nigeria even as nigeria grapples with the challenge of nation building since the end the virtually all the ethnic. The Merina Kingdom of modern Madagascar fell to the French in 1897, only surviving a short time, just long enough to leave photographs of their pre-colonial way of life. Other African kingdoms weren't as lucky. Although many of the revolutions during the colonial era ended in defeat for Africans, each battle took the continent closer towards independence. Although this superb overview covers the full sweep of African history from Antiquity to the present in just 183 pages, over half the book deals almost exclusively with the precolonial period. In some cases like the Igbo people of Nigeria, colonial rule was achieved in 1910 shortly before the First World War in 1914. In the 17th and 18th century, Angola became a major Portuguese slave-trading area. The Kongo-Wara rebellion was a widespread, though unsuccessful, the anticolonial uprising in the western and southwestern parts of the colony. The French colonialists then swept through the Wadai Empire, which they conquered in … The French colonialists then swept through the Wadai Empire, which they conquered in … Battle of Adwa (March 1, 1896, in Ethiopia). Archeological escavations were carried out, and the earliest known fossil found in west Africa was discovered at Iwo-Eleri which is situated in the western region of Nigeria. Lamphear, John, ed. Africa and World War I. He then claims that this “has been especially true for pre-colonial military history” (p. xi). They formed … Pre-Colonial Kingdoms and the Coup-Civil War Nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa Jack Paine December 15, 2014 Abstract Rulers of weakly institutionalized states constantly fear coup attempts. -The two annexed Boer Republics would, with the British colonies of Cape and Natal, later form the Union of South Africa in 1910, the forerunner of today’s Republic of South Africa. Many years before the speeches and declarations that led to Ghana’s independence in 1957, there were revolutions, uprising, and wars between African tribes (or countries) and colonial powers. Stapleton, Timothy J. Colonial war (in some contexts referred to as small war) is a blanket term relating to the various conflicts that arose as the result of overseas territories being settled by foreign powers creating a colony.The term especially refers to wars fought during the nineteenth century between European armies in Africa … Slavery tended to become universal with the constitution of slave families and slave villages and hence of antagonistic classes. Pre Colonial Africa: Introduction. Are you impressed, have any concerns, or think we can improve this article? this page. 1, pp. Ex-service men had seen life in more developed countries and enjoyed high living standards in army. Local documentary and oral sourees existed that could produce respectable history. Gat incorporates repeated references to and descriptions of African precolonial warfare in his massive historical survey of warfare, and does so in a way that integrates African military history into the rest of the story of global military history. As expected, the Africans were unwilling to work as slaves both in the continent and abroad; thus, the colonial era was filled with many conflicts and battles, the outcomes of some of which wound up having greater historical implications other than simply who was victorious. Support me on Patreon! It demonstrated the weakness of the reigning international body at the time, the League of Nations, which could do little more than condemning the invasion and impose sanctions on Italy…sanctions that were largely ignored by other countries and therefore ineffectual. Many Africans also fought in Europe, defending the interests of their colonial masters. The Kongo-Wara rebellion, also known as the War of the Hoe Handle and the Baya War, was a rural, anti-colonial rebellion in the former colonies of French Equatorial Africa and French Cameroon which began as a result of recruitment of the native population in railway construction and rubber tapping. It is particularly concerned with highland Ethiopia and the Great Lakes. Reid, Richard J. About 100,000 returned to Nigeria, and 65,000 retuned to Ghana from the Middle East, East Africa, Burma and India. The Ashanti rebelled against British rule and the Empire was again conquered in 1896. Mazrui, Ali A., ed. At least give back the rights and pay the dues on the profit made from displaying other people's heritage. Pre-colonial trade was an economic activity that was taking place before colonialist and missionaries settled in Africa before. Matching ethnographic data on the pre-colonial political organization of African indigenous groups to contemporary data on ethnic groups in conflict, I investigate the relationship between the traditional organization of ethnic groups and ethnic civil wars in Africa after decolonization. It also resulted in the Zulu kingdom being incorporated into British colonial holdings, eventually as part of the province of Natal, which later became the modern-day South African province of KwaZulu-Natal. Much work has been done on precolonial African societies in an attempt to determine what modes of production developed there, what types of contradictions marked their evolution and what were their particular characteristics compared to the classic schemes of a certain conception of Marxism. The crushing defeat of Italian forces at the hands of Ethiopian King Menilek’s troops is one of the first decisive victories by African forces over a European colonial power. Critics believe that these revolutions helped to keep hope alive in rejecting colonialism. The Great War of Africa would be one of the largest interstate conflicts after the second world war in Europe. Yet at times discussions of African history can become ensnared by a false dichotomy, a choice between the familiar, Eurocentric narrative – dominated by explorers, missionaries, gun boats and the Maxim gun – and a more Afrocentric story, focusing on pre-colonial Africa. At the time of colonization, most of pre–colonial African societies were in the communal mode of production but in transition to the feudal mode of production. Germany, late to the show, held on to 9%. The Songhai Empire was the last and largest of the three main West African Pre-Colonial Empires.. War in Pre-Colonial Eastern Africa examines the nature and objectives of violence in the region in the nineteenth century. He seemed to be particularly anxious to … This is a list of conflicts in Africa arranged by country, both on the continent and associated islands, including wars between African nations, civil wars, and wars involving non-African nations that took place within Africa. When war broke out, each of these … In keeping with the now-well-understood definition of military history, this article will include pieces that discuss the broad range of political, economic, social, and cultural influences that military organizations, ideas, and activities have on societies. The British forces included elements of the Royal Air Force and the Somaliland Camel Corps. I haven't found pre-Medieval references to horses in ... Militaries of pre colonial africa", those Toucouleurs are actually fighting ... was an English soldier and explorer. Often termed ‘rebellions’ when retold in history, these revolutions were resistance against slavery and colonialism. Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa, 1830–1914. pre-colonial African civilizations were Egypt, Nubia, Ghana, Mali, Carthage, Zimbabwe, and Kongo. 10 African Freedom Fighters Forgotten by…, Incredible Kenyan Man, Nicholas Muchami,…, Make Archbishop Michael K. Francis, Albe…, A Neoliberal Curse – Why There Is Extrem…, 4 Christmas Gifts Ideas your Lover Needs…, Merciless Capitalism in Africa – How It …, Why an IB Education is Critical in Today…, Most Important Customer Satisfaction KPI…, Quick Guide to Finding the Best Bingo Si…, How to Choose the Perfect Custom Product…, How Is Serious Bodily Injury Defined Und…, 7 Things In Relationships With Asian Gir…. Even within these more narrow parameters, scholarship in the field of precolonial African warfare is not as sparse as is often supposed and recently has been growing substantially in both quantity and quality. Mazrui 1977 includes repeated references to the precolonial era and its legacies. But what Smith failed to demon-strate was whether or not the Yoruba military achievement was an agent of societal or historical change. Over 176,000 men from British West Africa served in British colonial army during war. Strikingly, through 1989, thirty of thirty-two ethnic group-level major civil war onsets occurred in countries with a PCS group. At least three terms need to be defined to establish the boundaries of this bibliographic article—at what point do we end the period of “precolonial” warfare, how narrowly will we define “warfare,” and how much of “Africa” will be included. Perhaps the smallest category of work on precolonial African warfare is that of the general survey and overview. It encompasses colonial wars, wars of independence, secessionist and separatist conflicts, major episodes of national violence (riots, massacres, etc. The place and role of African Youth in Pre-independence African Governance Systems 19-20 1.7. It is particularly concerned with highland Ethiopia and the Great Lakes. From about ~50,000BC groups of San people migrate out Southern Africa eventually giving rise (apparently) to modern man in the rest of the world. This approach includes the detailed study of wars and warfare, but it goes far beyond it. Although this book focuses on colonial warfare, Vandervort does an excellent job in his introductory chapters of providing good general summaries of precolonial African military organizations on the eve of significant contact with hostile European forces. The early birds AKA our ancestors of the pre-colonial era, were known to have settled in territories in what is today called Nigeria about 13,000 years ago. Richard Reid, War in Pre-Colonial Eastern Africa (London, British Institute in Eastern Log in or create an account to add articles to your saved articles list. The Sotho peoples’ victory over the Cape Colony is one of the few examples in Southern African history of black Africans’ winning a conflict with colonial powers in the 19th century. sheds light on the interaction of wars and politics in pre-colonial Africa. As John Lamphear writes in the introduction to his fine edited volume of journal articles in African military history, many historians have tended “to downplay the importance of military history and the role of conflict in the African historical experience.” He then claims that this “has been especially true for pre-colonial military history” (p. xi). Almost four decades later, the sequel. See especially his chapter “Tribal Warfare in Agraria and Pastoralia.”. Italo-Ethiopian War (1935–36, in Ethiopia). According to history, the first colonial wars in Africa occurred between the Portuguese and various coastal inhabitants as the former sought to expand its trading empire with Asia in the early 14 century. Table of Contents[show] Mesoamerica Aztec Olmec Maya Inca To view the language of the aztecs Nahuatl Template:Lead too short Migration to the New World Aboriginal Peoples in Canada Native Americans in the United States Mesoamerica Olmec Maya Civilization Aztec South America Norte Chico civilization Valdivia culture Canaris Chavin culture Moche Inca Empire The response of the colonial administration was a fierce crackdown on the rebels, resulting in many deaths. After it was suppressed, its leaders were imprisoned and executed and populations of Central Africans were forcibly relocated to colonially designated villages. Vandervort, Bruce. It is estimated that between 3 and 6 million people perished in that war. While this has too often been the case, this bibliography shows that other historians have been busy creating a surprising quantity of scholarship on precolonial African history that covers all significant periods of time and all major regions, though not necessarily evenly. History of Africa Borders: Pre-Colonial, Colonial and Post-Colonial. The conflict began as an internal conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, but came to involve a host of various countries and militias. South African History Time-Line . Matching ethnographic data on the pre-colonial political organization of African indigenous groups to contemporary data on ethnic groups in conflict, I investigate the relationship between the traditional organization of ethnic groups and ethnic civil wars in Africa after decolonization. -It was a war fought between two groups of white peoples—the British and the Dutch-descended Boers—in the subcontinent with a largely black African population that both sides generally sought to exclude from the fighting, although black Africans were certainly negatively impacted by the conflict. Although a few essays deal exclusively with modern events such as civil wars in Nigeria and Sudan, most incorporate the precolonial legacy into their topical discussions, and some authors focus on precolonial subjects. Source(s): Britannica, Wikipedia, sahistory.co.za, Wikidata. The economy of post-colonial Africa was the worst conflict left by the Europeans (“Africa” par 2). Richard Reid. SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA by Dr.Akosua Perbi Fulbright-Scholar-in-Residence Manchester College Indiana, U.S.A. Paper delivered on 5th April 2001 at the Univ. After serving in the Napoleonic Wars, Denham volunteered in 1821 to join Walter Oudney and Hugh Clapperton on an official expedition across the Sahara from Tripoli to in the Lake Chad basin of the Central Savanna region. For an understanding of the ways precolonial African warfare and military systems compared to others around the globe, see Gat 2006. Must we then conclude that a slave society existed? Africans were rarely involved in commemoration projects. Support me on Patreon! 1, The Precolonial Period: From Ancient Egypt to the Zulu Kingdom (Earliest Times to cs. A Military History of Africa. After enduring danger and privation, they arrived at Kuka, the capital of Bornu, in 1823. A French map of Africa, c. 1911 (PD). The slave mode of production was not well developed because most of the Africa societies transformed from the communal mode directly to the feudal mode of production. Archeological escavations were carried out, and the earliest known fossil found in west Africa was discovered at Iwo-Eleri which is situated in the western region of Nigeria. After war, large numbers of survivors returned. However, a few superb works on broader or adjacent periods include general overviews of the precolonial period, and Lamphear 2007 is a superb edited volume of previously published articles discussing a wide variety of specific subjects covering various regions, time periods, and topics. The United States and the Middle East, 1945-2001, World War II in the Mediterranean and Middle East. Everyone knows Vietnam and World War II, but ask about a war that occurred in Africa and most people might simply be able to name Sudan, without really knowing what the war was about. African Military History. Warfare in African History. 71, War in Pre-Colonial Eastern Africa seeks to offer a revised model for the study of African warfare, and a corrective against the remnants of neocolonial scholarship. Pre-Colonial Kingdoms and the Coup-Civil War Nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa Jack Paine December 15, 2014 Abstract Rulers of weakly institutionalized states constantly fear coup attempts. While this has too often been the case, this bibliography shows that other historians have been busy creating a surprising quantity of scholarship on precolonial African history that covers all significant periods of time and all major regions, though not necessarily evenly. The Angolan War of Independence, called in Angola the Luta Armada de Libertação Nacional, began as an uprising against forced cultivation of cotton, and it became a multi-faction struggle for the control of Portugal's overseas province of Angola among three nationalist movements and a separatist movement. This article will examine European military planning in Africa, the war objectives related to Africa that developed as the war progressed, and colonial military resources in Africa. The British defeat of Zulu King Cetshwayo’s forces marked the end of an era of powerful Zulu kings. Up to 90% off Textbooks at Amazon Canada. In West Africa, the empires of Sudan, Ghana, Mali, and Songhai all flourished. The Somaliland campaign also called the Anglo-Somali War or the Dervish War was a series of military expeditions that took place between 1900 and 1920 in the Horn of Africa, pitting the Dervishes led by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan against the British. (2017). The Mau Mau uprising began in 1952 as a reaction to inequalities and injustices in British-controlled Kenya. Between 1823 and 1873, the Ashanti Empire resisted British encroachment on their territory. War in Pre-Colonial Eastern Africa examines the nature and objectives of violence in the region in the nineteenth century. IN some instances, tribes from the North, who have different customs than we do, would invade and raid for economic reasons. This article defines precolonial warfare as any military activity occurring within and between African societies and peoples before the onset of European political and military control. Colonial Africa On The Eve of World War I. April 30, 2015 5 Comments. Systems of servitude and slavery were common in parts of Africa in ancient times, as they were in much of the rest of the ancient world. Stapleton has neatly organized the work into five regional chapters, with one each on North Africa, West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa. Best known as ancient Rome’s rival in the Punic Wars, Carthage was a North African commercial hub that flourished for over 500 years. L a s t u p d a t e d : S e p t e m b e r 2 0 1 1 These were states or societies which existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. Many years before the speeches and declarations that led to Ghana’s independence in 1957, there were revolutions, uprising, and wars between African tribes (or countries) and colonial powers. Part of it is common decency and respect. The place and role African youth in Post-independence African Governance Systems 20-23 1.8. War in Human Civilization. In the 1600s and 1700s, European powers such as the Dutch, the British, and the French began to take interest in Africa as a means to supply slaves to their American colonies. After three weeks of battle, Hassan's Dervishes were defeated, bringing an effective end to their 20-year resistance. It will be of use to those interested in military history and to anyone involved in modern development and conflict resolution seeking to understand the deeper historical roots of African warfare. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. As early as the 8th century, contact between Africa and Europe increased dramatically with the conquest of Spain and Portugal by Muslim forces from North Africa (and also, later, from Northwest Africa), called Moors by the Spanish. 76 J. Thornton, Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500–1800 (London, 1999), 3; R. J. Reid, War in Pre-colonial Eastern Africa: The Patterns and Meanings of State-level Conflict in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 2007), 9–10. Gat, Azar. In East Africa, plateau regions were suitable for cattle grazing. It’s also the reason why the country of Lesotho is surrounded by the country of South Africa, rather than being a part of it: because Basutoland (as Lesotho was then known) remained independent of the Cape Colony, it was not included when that colony and three others formed the Union of South Africa in 1910. Before colonial rule, Africa was ruled by great kings. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. PRE-COLONIAL MILITARY STUDIES IN AFRICA limited goal - 'a case study in Yoruba wars and politics' - and no more. Solve crosswords on The African Exponent. All rights reserved.