Having been designated consul, he was allowed to give his opinion to the senate. While in Egypt, he got into an affair with Cleopatra VII of Egypt, and had a son, Caesarion, who briefly reigned as pharaoh until his assassination. The Emperor did not desire an open war, and the king of Parthia seemed open to peace. His youngest brother, Postumus, participated in the Trojan game with the rest of the equestrian youth. He had to be carried away by his outraged lieutenants. From every corner the young consul was visited by envoys offering requests and paying homage. [8], In 17 BC, his brother Lucius was born. However, as soon as he recovered, Augustus began to show he favored his nephew, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, then just 19. a group of Roman senators murdered Julius Caesar as he sat on the podium at a senate meeting.The dictator fell bleeding to his death from 23 … Although he was born to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia, Augustus' only daughter, Gaius and his younger brother, Lucius Caesar, were raised by their grandfather as his adopted sons and joint-heirs to the empire. [25] Caesar displayed an elephant above the name CAESAR on his first denarius, which he probably had minted while still in Gallia Cisalpina. Livilla was the daughter of Drusus the Elder and Antonia Minor. Caesar used the animal during his conquest of Gaul and probably of Britain,[24] which is further supported by the inclusion of forty elephants on the first day of Caesar's Gallic triumph in Rome. Weinstock (1971) made a case for Iullus being a diminutive, i.e. Gaius, Iulius, and Caesar are Caesar's praenomen, nomen, and cognomen, respectively. Är isch vo Brutus u republikanisch gsinnte Senatore erschdoche worde, wo Angscht gha hei, dass är wet König vo Rom wärde. Their father was no longer available to assume the reins of power if the Emperor were to die, and Augustus had to make it clear who his intended heirs were in case anything should happen. See Andrew Steinmann, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Caesar&oldid=988335232, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the DGRBM, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the DGRBM without a Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the DGRBM, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 12 November 2020, at 15:10. [15] Such nicknames were typical for cognomina and were the base of old gentilician names. The council decided to ratify the will brought by Archelaus, which included a large bequest to Augustus and his wife Livia. [60], Both Tacitus and Cassius Dio suggested foul play may have been involved in the death of Gaius and Lucius and that Gaius's step grandmother Livia may have had a hand in their deaths. [57], While Gaius was in Armenia, his brother Lucius had been sent by Augustus to complete his military training in Spain. [14], Also in 13 BC, Agrippa and Augustus returned to Rome. Though contemporary writers sometimes referred to him as "Gaius Caesar," the name's historical usage was not the same as it is in the 21st century. [36], Author and historian John Grainger places Gaius at the Gulf of Aqaba, or in Nabataea. In 2 BC, Julia the Elder was forced into exile after she had received a letter in Tiberius' name. It is very likely this man was part of Gaius' entourage, but other than that nothing is known of him. Late in 48 BC, he was appointed dictator again, with a term of one year. Various reasons, such as an attempt by Rome to control the incense trade, have been suggested but never proven. Age of Empires III Definitive Edition: Kampagne #1 Der Falke landet auf Malta … The name of the dictator Julius Caesar—Latin script: CAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR—was often extended by the official filiation Gai filius ("son of Gaius"), rendered as Gaius Iulius Gai filius Caesar. [25], At the same time, King Phraates IV of Parthia had seized Armenia with the help of Armenian nationalists, and expelled Tigranes IV, the king installed by Rome. He was the brother of Sextus Julius Caesar (consul in 91 BC) and the son of Gaius Julius Caesar. He, himself, as soon as there began to be plenty of forage, came to the army. Apart from using the elephant as a claim for extraordinary political power in Rome,[26] the coin is an unmasked allusion to this etymology of the name and directly identifies Caesar with the elephant, because the animal treads a Gallic serpent-horn, the carnyx, as a symbolic depiction of Caesar's own victory.[27]. [37][38], On his way to Syria, Gaius met with Tiberius, who had abandoned politics and retired to Rhodes. [36], Cassius Dio, in a fragmentary notice,[50] mentions trouble in Egypt which was suppressed by a tribune of the Praetorian Guard. Gaius Julius Caesar (102 B.C 44 B.C.) [52], At the same time, the throne of Armenia had become vacant and, with permission from the Emperor, Gaius placed Ariobarzanes II of Atropatene on the throne. [53], On September 9, Abbadon, the leader of the rebellion, invited Gaius into the fortress to speak with him. A large force of rebels had occupied the fortress in the city of Artagira. Tiberius was alienated at the meeting, by the behavior of both Lollius and Gaius' centurions. Weinstock's argument however relies on a hypothetical intermediate form *Iovilus, and he stated himself that Iullus can't originally have been a theophoric name and could therefore only have become one at a secondary stage, after the Julians had established the identification of Iulus as their gentilician god Vediovis (also: Veiovis), who was a "young Iuppiter" himself. This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article "Gaius Julius Caesar (name)", which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL. Agrippa was given tribunicia potestas ("the tribunician power") in 18 BC, a power that Augustus received in 23 BC, and later on was exercised only by the emperor and shared with some heirs (Agrippa, Tiberius). Julius Caesar is the son of Gaius Julius Caesar and Aurelia Cotta. It was here that Phraates, offended by Lollius, disclosed the guardian's secret negotiations to Gaius. in Rome; died there Mar. Agrippa returned to Campania in Italy, where he fell ill and died soon after. juvenescent theophoric name of Iovis, which used to be one of the older names of the god Iuppiter. It is often seen abbreviated to C. IVLIVS CAESAR. bce , Rome [Italy]—died March 15, 44 bce , Rome), celebrated Roman general and statesman, the conqueror of Gaul (58–50 bce ), victor in the civil war of 49–45 bce , and dictator (46–44 bce ), who was launching a … [32] Lollius' rivalry with Tiberius continued even after Gaius and his entourage reached Syria. It is certain that this expedition happened before his time in Armenia, and, referencing Gaius' cenotaph in Pisa, it is almost certain to have taken place during his consulship. [34] The identification of the cognomina Kaeso and Caesar was indeed supposed by Pliny, but is—according to Alföldi (1975)—unwarranted.[35]. He in turn arranged a marriage for his son Gaius to Aurelia Cotta, a daughter from the Cotta branch of the gens Aurelia. His forces promptly laid siege to the city and captured the fortress after intense fighting. Cha của Caesar, cũng được gọi là Gaius Julius Caesar, đã làm tới chức thống đốc Asia thuộc La Mã, có lẽ bởi vì sự ảnh hưởng của Gaius Marius, anh hùng chiến tranh và một nhà chính trị nổi bật lúc bấy giờ, người đã cưới chị của cha Caesar, Julia. It was the full name (tria nomina) of the dictator Julius Caesar, as well as other prominent men of the Roman Republic, including the dictator's father and grandfather. It is known that the Nabataean Kingdom later became the province of Arabia, and so, it might be that Gaius conducted his "Arabian expedition" to either support or to discipline the King of Nabataea, Aretas IV. He is always seen wearing a … Augustus did his best to cheer him up and convince him to return to Italy. Är het under anderum Gallie eroberet, d Helvetier unterworfe, de römisch Bürgerchrieg gwunne u Ägypte eroberet. It was for the crime of extorting presents from kings (regnum muneribus) that Lollius lost the friendship of Gaius and drank poison. According to Pliny, the young prince made it as far as the Gulf of Aqaba. [3] Caesar often spoke of himself only as Caius Caesar,[4] omitting the nomen gentile Iulius. Proposed e.g. [46], Sometime in the course of his time in the east, Gaius led an expedition into Arabia. [30][56][53], By the next year (3 AD), he was entirely prostrated by the effects of his wound, had resigned his command, and withdrawn to Syria from where he informed Augustus that he had no further desire to take part in public life. Roman supremacy in Asia depended on its possession of Armenia as a protectorate. Several other interpretations were propagated in antiquity, all of which remain highly doubtful: Another interpretation of Caesar deriving from the verb caedere ("to cut") could theoretically have originated in the argument of the Julians for receiving a sodality of the Lupercalia, the luperci Iulii (or Iuliani). [22] The suffix –ar is highly unusual for Latin, but is a common suffix in the Sabine Oscan language. In 1 BC, Gaius was given command of the eastern provinces, after which he concluded a peace treaty with King Phraates V of Parthia on an island in the Euphrates. He was the stepson of Tiberius by his mother Julia's marriage to him, and Brother in law of Claudius by his sister Agrippina the Elder's marriage to Germanicus. Shortly afterward, he was appointed to the office of consul for the following year, 1 AD. He would experience an accelerated political career befitting a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, with the Roman Senate allowing him to advance his career without first holding a quaestorship or praetorship, offices that ordinary senators were required to hold as part of the cursus honorum.[1]. To commemorate his brief life, a cenotaph was erected on the Limyrus River at Limyra in Lycia. [49] This is probably evidenced by the continuation of coinage in the king's name after Gaius' consulship. Gaius Julius Caesar (Greek: ΓΑΙΟΣ ΙΟΥΛΙΟΣ ΚΑΙΣΑΡ)[1] was a prominent name of the Gens Julia from Roman Republican times, borne by a number of figures, but most notably by the general and dictator Julius Caesar. [42], Preparations for the war continued into the spring and summer of 1 AD, at which point there had been a successful breakthrough in negotiations. In Greek, during Caesar's time, his name was written Καῖσαρ, which was pronounced more or less the same. The name Caesar probably originated in Italy from a dialect of Latium which did not share the rhotacism of the Roman dialect. Caesar was married to Aurelia, a member of the Aurelii and Rutilii families. On his mother's side, he was the oldest grandson of emperor Augustus. Caesar presided over his own election to a second consulship and then, after eleven days, resigned this dictatorship. Gaius Julius Caesar (Classical Latin: [ˈɡaː.i.ʊs ˈjuː.li.ʊs ˈkae̯.sar]; 13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), known as Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician, general, and notable author of Latin prose. They stabbed Caesar (23 times) to death in a location adjacent to the Theatre of Pompey on the Ides of March 15 March 44 BC. [30][43] In the second half of the year,[44] Gaius had advanced with his army to the Parthian frontier to an unknown spot and brought Phraates to a final agreement on the proposals, in which he renounced all claims to Armenia and all power over his half-brothers. [17] Therefore, Alföldi (1975) is correct in rejecting this proposed etymological origin. The last emperor of the dynasty was Nero, who was Gaius' great-nephew and the grandson of Germanicus. He would experience an accelerated political career befitting a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, with the Roman Senate allowing him to advance his career without first holding a quaestorship or The Aurelii Cottae had been plebeian nobles from the mid-3rd century BC, when two ancestors attained the consulship. The aurei and denarii issued in 13–12 BC made clear the Emperor's dynastic plans for Gaius and Lucius. Gaius was drawn into the conflict, and invaded Armenia in late August of 2 AD. Julius Caesar was born in Rome on 12 or 13 July 100 BC into the prestigious Julian clan. [20] Weinstock called these the "usual playful etymologies of no consequence". Pliny says he amassed a fortune from his crimes and that, as a result, his granddaughter could afford to wear jewelry worth 40,000,000 sesterces, a considerable amount of money. [21][22], The following year (5 BC), when he attained military age, he assumed the toga virilis, and was introduced by Augustus to the senate, who declared him as princeps iuventutis ("leader of the youth") and sevir turmae (commander of a cavalry division). Roman nomenclature is somewhat different from the modern English form. The assassination of Julius Caesar was the result of a conspiracy by many Roman senators led by Gaius Cassius Longinus, Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, and Marcus Junius Brutus. [11] But no supporting evidence has been found to this day. [59] The deaths of both Gaius and Lucius, the Emperor's two most favored heirs, led Augustus to adopt his stepson Tiberius and his sole remaining grandson Postumus as his new heirs on 26 June 4 AD. He was married to his second cousin Livilla but they did not have children. Gaius is an archaic Latin name and one of the earliest Roman praenomina. [28], Due to his advanced age, Augustus was unable to travel to the east himself. [41], His inexperience meant he was forced to rely on his companions, namely the unruly Lollius, who had taken advantage of the powers he held, and was reportedly holding towns, individuals, and even sovereign princes for ransom. [60] The caskets containing their ashes were stored in the Mausoleum of Augustus alongside those of their father Agrippa and other members of the imperial family. In 4 AD, following the deaths of Gaius and Lucius, Augustus adopted his stepson, Tiberius, as well as his sole-surviving grandson, Agrippa Postumus. [10] Their adoptive father initiated them into administrative life when they were still young, and sent them to the provinces as consuls-elect. 3 Ipse in Carnutes, Andes, Turonos quaeque civitates propinquae iis locis erant ubi bellum gesserat, legionibus in hiberna deductis, in Italiam profectus est. On March 15, 44 B.C. Augustus, as usual, declined the sole responsibility of decision. As a priest not only had to be of patrician stock, but married to a patrician, Caesar broke off his engagement to a plebian girl and married the patrician, Cornelia, daughter of a high profile and influential … Approximately eighteen months later, Gaius died of an illness in Lycia. His father was a key general in Augustus' armies, commanding troops in pivotal battles against Mark Antony and Sextus Pompeius. [5] After his senatorial consecration as Divus Iulius in 42 BC, the dictator perpetuo bore the posthumous name Imperator Gaius Iulius Caesar Divus (IMP•C•IVLIVS•CAESAR•DIVVS, best translated as "Commander [and] God Gaius Julius Caesar"), which is mostly given as his official historical name. [19], Many honors were heaped upon Gaius by citizens and city officials of the Empire, including Colonia Obsequens Iulia Pisana (Pisa), where it was decreed that proper rites must be observed by matrons to lament his passing. Augustus sent Agrippa to Pannonia at the end of 13 to suppress a rebellion. While there, he fell ill and died on 20 August 2 AD in Massalia, Gaul. His family were closely connected with the Marian faction in Roman politics. [19] Gaius, who was twenty, had reached Asia, and was probably at Antioch at the time his consulship commenced, where he was organizing an army for the invasion of Armenia and opening negotiations with Phraates in the hopes of securing an agreement. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.. It proved to be a trick, and Gaius was wounded in the confrontation. From early on, Agrippa was trusted to handle affairs in the eastern provinces and was even given the signet ring of Augustus, who was seemingly on his deathbed in 23 BC, a sign that he would become princeps were Augustus to die. [12], That year his family left for the province of Syria, because Agrippa was given command of the eastern provinces with proconsular imperium maius. [note 2] On one occasion, Lollius offered to decapitate Tiberius if Gaius gave the word. Julius Caesar himself may have propagated the derivation from the elephant, an animal that was said to have been called transl. [7] An annual sacrifice on his birthday was granted in a decree. One half remained under Archelaus, while the other half was subdivided between his brothers, Antipas and Philip. Gaius Julius Caesar was the name of several members of the gens Julia in ancient Rome. [16], To learn about military affairs, he accompanied Tiberius in his campaign against the Sicambri in 8 BC. The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). by George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina". Biography (Note, common lexica including the Wikipedia give Caesar's birth date as 13 July, which however refers to the old Roman calendar. Andreas Alföldi: "Review of St. Weinstock, Divus Julius". Gaius made a good choice, because his presence represented that of the imperial family – all orders, promises, or threats coming from him were as valid as if they came from the Emperor himself. [39] Suetonius wrote that it was Lollius' growing influence that compelled Tiberius to plead with Augustus for his return to Rome. [28], In order to free up the legions there, the Kingdom of Judaea was divided among the sons of Herod the Great. [42][51] The death of Lollius was fortunate to Tiberius, after which Gaius consented to his return to Rome and consequent return to Roman politics. Roman statesman, political leader, general, and writer. before the censorship of Appius Claudius Caecus in 312 BC,[8] the name was only written as Caius. the identification of Vediovis with Iuppiter and Apollo (see above; A later Republican inscription mentions a member of the Julian family named K(AESO) IVLIVS (. [2][3][4], With Marcellus gone, Augustus arranged for the marriage of Agrippa to his daughter Julia the Elder, who was previously the wife of Marcellus. He encountered no serious opposition as there were only a few revolts he had to suppress as a result of the nationalist party. Gaius Julius Caesar. 2 Quas legationes Caesar, quod in Italiam Illyricumque properabat, inita proxima aestate ad se reverti iussit. The etymology of the name Caesar is still unknown and was subject to many interpretations even in antiquity. Tiberius was given command of Germania, and waged two campaigns across the Rhine in 8 BC and 7 BC. [49], In the year following his consulship, in spring, he had held a meeting with Phraates on the bank of the Euphrates, in which a banquet was held to celebrate a peace treaty. [29], Before leaving for the east, he and his brother Lucius were given the authority to consecrate buildings, and they did, with their management of the games held to celebrate the dedication of the Temple of Mars Ultor (1 August 2 BC). When he was sixteen, his father died and Caesar became the head of the family. [24][25], The cities of Judaea rose in revolt after the procurator, Sabinus, garrisoned Syria Palaestina to guard the tens of millions of sesterces promised to the Emperor. In order to prepare Gaius for his encounter with the Arabs, Juba wrote him a treatise. With his charismatic leadership, his powerful intellect and his magnetic personal charm, Julius Caesar became the idol of men and women everywhere. 260 lions were slaughtered in the Circus Maximus, there was gladiatorial combat, a naval battle between the "Persians" and the "Athenians", and 36 crocodiles were slaughtered in the Circus Flaminius. Caesar's grand-nephew, Gaius Octavius Thurinus, duly took the full name "Gaius Julius Caesar" upon Caesar's posthumous adoption of him in 44 BC (while legally he should have been "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus", and was/is called as such by contemporaries and historians, he himself never used either of his original surnames again), and the name of Caesar became fused with the imperial dignity after Octavianus became the first Roman Emperor, Augustus; in this sense it is preserved in the German and Bulgarian words Kaiser and Tsar (sometimes spelled Czar), both of which refer to an emperor. [10] Some have linked the name to an unknown Etruscan phrase, others to the gentilician name Gavius, which possibly might have lost the medial v in the course of time. The old spelling remained valid in later times and existed alongside Gaius, especially in the form of the abbreviation C. The only known original Roman etymology of Gaius is expressed as a gaudio parentum,[9] meaning that the name Gaius stems from the Latin verb gaudere ("to rejoice", "to be glad"). This served to restore stability to the region, whilst keeping Judaea from becoming powerful.