The primary difference between the two is that Thermoset is a material that strengthens when heated, but cannot be remolded or heated after the initial forming, while thermoplastics can be reheated, remolded, and cooled as necessary without causing any chemical chan… Traditional FRP composites use a thermosetting resin as the matrix that holds the structural fiber firmly in place. Because of this, the recycling of thermoset composites is extremely difficult. Heat is applied to thermoplastic polymers (solid pellets) to soften them. Although thermoset and thermoplastic materials are very different, each has their place in wire and cable construction. Thermosets vs. thermoplastics. Thermoset Urethane vs. Thermoplastic Urethane. Special tooling, technique, and equipment must be used, many of which are expensive. Each material is strengthened by the application of heat, but once thermosets have adopted an initial shape via heat treatment, they cannot be cured further or remolded. Regarding the manufacturing costs of plastic parts, it is often noted that thermoplastic prices are lower than thermoset plastics. The plastic or polymers used in cable insulation are either thermoplastic or thermoset. Thermoset vs. Thermoplastic Structure. Curing changes the resin into an insoluble polymer network. After all, how different can they be? Think of thermoplastics as butter – butter can be melted and cooled multiple times to form various shapes. Thermoplastics are easier to work with than thermoset materials. The two materials have significantly different properties that influence their performance in a variety of applications. Sometimes one may have to make a choice regarding thermoset vs thermoplastic composites. Thermosetting vs. Thermoplastic Polymers Last updated; Save as PDF Page ID 5435; Contributors; Most of the polymers described above are classified as thermoplastic. Heat affects both, but very differently. Thermoplastics can be repeatedly softened by heating and hardened by cooling.Thermosetting plastics, however, harden permanently after being heated once. This process cures the part so it can never be melted again. Thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers are types of plastic that undergo different production processes and yield a variety of properties depending on the constituent materials and production method. Thermoplastic and thermoset are polymers. Figure 1: In eggs and thermosets, the change is permanent; for cheese and thermoplastics it is reversible. Often, the process involves molding into finished parts. Each application will have its own unique circumstances and requirements. Thermoplastics vs Thermosetting Plastics. The material difference between the two is that thermoplastics can be remelted , while thermoset plastics remain in a permanent solid state once hardened . A thermoplastic jacket is indicated by the T and the E indicates a cord with a thermoplastic elastomer jacket. One material that is popular in bike manufacturing is a thermoset called epoxy. The resin must be heated to the melting point and pressure must be applied to integrate fibers, and then, the composite has to be cooled, all while still under pressure. Dale Brosius, the chief commercialization officer for the Institute for Advanced Composites Manufacturing Innovation (IACMI) and a regular CW columnist, sees a shift in the industry from infighting between proponents of thermoset and thermoplastic composites to a healthier competitive atmosphere that serves to make composites … Thermoplastics in the form of composites are most commonly not reinforced, meaning, the resin is formed into shapes that rely solely on the short, discontinuous fibers from which they are comprised to maintain their structure. A simple way to understand the difference between thermoplastic materials and thermoset materials is that while thermoplastics soften when heated, thermosets cure or harden into a mould permanently without ever remelting. Comparing Thermoset and Thermoplastic Pricing Comparing Thermoset and Thermoplastic Pricing. In thermoset injection molding, cold material is injected into an extremely hot mold to create a part. Cooking an omelet is an apt analogy that illustrates how thermoplastics and thermosets can be differentiated based on how they perform in the presence of heat. In thermoset injection molding, cold material is injected into an extremely hot mold to create a part. Thermoplastics are commonly utilized in automated equipment and high volume applications. … Thermoplastic resins are most commonly unreinforced, meaning, the resin is formed into shapes and have no reinforcement providing strength. Thermoplastics vs. thermoset plastics may not seem like an important debate when it comes to selecting the right type of plastic for your parts, components, or products. While this may be true to a certain degree, thermoplastics offer limited advantages when compared to their thermoset plastic counterparts. Curing is induced by heat or by mixing with a catalyst. Please Like + Subscribe! These components increase mechanical properties, however, although they're technically considered fiber-reinforced composites, their strength is not nearly comparable to that of continuous fiber-reinforced composites. Raw thermoplastic resins are solid at room temperature, but when heat and pressure impregnate a reinforcing fiber, a physical change occurs (however, it isn't a chemical reaction that results in a permanent, nonreversible change). In this way, thermoplastics differ from thermosetting polymers, which form irreversible chemical bonds during the curing process. Thermosets vs. thermoplastics. On the other hand, many products formed with thermoset technology are enhanced with other structural elements—most … There are multiple thermoplastic resins that offer various performance benefits, but most materials commonly offer high strength, shrink-resistance and easy bendability. Thermoset is similar to bread in that once the final state is achieved, any additional heat would lead to charring. Thermoset plastics are often … Free White Paper to Advantages of Thermoset Plastics vs. Reference: 1. Thermosets and engineered thermoplastics are sometimes better suited to differing situations, but they do have some overlap in relevant use cases. Thermoset production can utilize composite tooling, which is less expensive than the metal (often machined steel) tooling requirements of thermoplastic production. Once cooled, the curve would remain, which isn't possible with thermoset resins. Thermoplastic The connections in a thermoplastic become loose under the influence of heat. Typically, it is more common to see thermoplastics being used in day-to-day life. Thermoset and thermoplastic materials are found in the insulation and jacketing of many cables on the market today. Thermoset Plastics vs Thermoplastics. Thermoplastic materials consist of chains of molecules which separate when heat is applied. Summary – Thermoplastic vs Thermoset. He also writes about the industry. Thermosetting vs. Thermoplastic Polymers Last updated; Save as PDF Page ID 5435; Contributors; Most of the polymers described above are classified as thermoplastic. January 12, 2018. Thermoplastic vs. Thermoset Why thermoplastic and thermoset materials in injection molding perform differently from each other Cooking an omelet is an apt analogy that illustrates how thermoplastics and thermosets can be differentiated based on how they perform in the presence of heat. Once the cross-links are formed, the product cannot be reshaped or remolded. Thermoplastic urethane is a polymer that can be melted and reformed, and is elastic and highly flexible, making it a versatile material suitable for use in a wide range of industries. Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Thermoplastic urethane is a polymer. Thermoplastics in the form of composites are most commonly not reinforced, meaning, the resin is formed into shapes that rely solely on the short, discontinuous fibers from which they are comprised to maintain their structure. Will the cable or cord be subjected to heat? Photo: MrBreakfast.com . For some, the ability to resist abrasion will be the top priority, while another might need a material that can resist extreme temperatures. Chocolate, however, can be melted and reformed over and over again. Examples of common thermoplastic resins used today, and products manufactured by them include: … Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. Thermoset urethanes are generally liquid before cured. When classified by chemical structure, there are two generally recognized classes of plastic materials: Thermosets, having cross-linked molecular chains, and Thermoplastics, which are made up of linear molecular chains. Thermoset polymers require a two-stage polymerization process. The cross-linking process eliminates the risk of the product remelting when heat is applied, making thermosets ideal for high-heat applications such as electronics and appliances. Various thermoplastic resins provide multiple performance benefits. For the benefit of this post, all we need to know is that a thermoplastic (such as ABS) when heated, will melt. Thermoset urethane is a polymer that cannot be melted and reformed and is generally more durable than thermoplastic urethane. On the other hand, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO), two other common roofing systems for commercial buildings, fall in the second category. Examples of thermoplastic types are PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) and PE (Polyethylene). (In some instances, the difference can be as much as 10 times the impact resistance.). The other major advantage of thermoplastic composites is their ability to be rendered malleable. Thermoset polymers require a two-stage polymerization process. … Thermoset resins (liquids or partially polymerized powders) are cured through a catalytic chemical reaction that cross-links polymers to form an irreversible chemical bond. Thermoplastics pellets soften when heated and become more fluid as additional heat is applied. Thermosets include polyurethanes, vulcanized rubber, epoxy resins, and more; thermoplastics include nylon, polyethylene, and polypropylene, among others. Main Difference – Thermoplastic vs Thermosetting Plastic. Injection Molding Plastic: Thermoplastic vs. Thermoset. Thermoset materials are also softened by heating and can be shaped and then cooled to retain a new shape however unlike thermoplastic material, it is only possible to do this once. Thermosetting plastics are made up from long chains of molecules that are cross-linked. On the other hand, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) , two other common roofing systems for commercial buildings, fall in the second category. Thermoset vs thermoplastic composites Thermoplastics, in basic terms, are melt-processable plastics (materials that are processed with heat). In a thermoset resin, the raw uncured resin molecules are crossed linked through a catalytic chemical reaction. This process cures the part so it can never be melted again. The primary physical difference is that thermoplastics can be remelted back into a liquid, whereas thermoset plastics always remain in a permanent solid state. For example, you could heat a pultruded thermoplastic composite rod and re-mold it to have a curvature. TPUs can have various combinations of flexible and rigid segments. Now we are covering the many varieties of polymer types in our new series on thermoplastics vs thermosets. Thermosetting Plastics (Thermoplastic Vs Thermosetting Plastics) What is Thermosetting Plastics? Thermoplastic vs. Thermoset Wire and Cable Materials. When enough heat is added to bring the temperature of the plastic above its melt point, the plastic liquefies (softens enough to be processed). Thermoset plastics provide a versatile, cost-saving alternative to certain metals and engineered thermoplastic materials. The differences inherent to thermosets and thermoplastics make them uniquely suited for differing applications. Thermoset plastics significantly improve the material’s mechanical properties, providing enhances chemical resistance, heat resistance and structural integrity. Understanding the performance differences can help you make better sourcing decisions and improve your product designs. Both can be used for a wide variety of applications in a variety of fields; however, because of their unique properties, each is best suited for specific applications. Thermosetting and thermoplastics are two different classes of polymers, which are differentiated based on their behavior in the presence of heat.The main difference between thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic is, thermoplastic materials have low melting points; therefore, they can be remoulded or recycled by … © 2017 Modor Plastics. Thermosets vs. Thermoplastics. Thermoplastic vs. Thermoset Resins. Thermoset vs thermoplastic composites. Thermoset plastics contain polymers that cross-link together during the curing process to form an irreversible chemical bond. Thermoplastics generally provide high-strength, flexibility and are resistant to shrinkage, depending on the type of resin (the polymer in melted liquid form). Thermoset resins (liquids or partially polymerized powders) are cured through a catalytic chemical reaction that cross-links polymers to form an irreversible chemical bond. Picture showing the difference between Thermoplastic and Thermoset under stress. When heated, popcorn pops, and when it does, there’s no putting it back in the seed. Understanding the performance differences can help you make better sourcing decisions and improve your product designs. As the requirements for meeting the number of parts increase in production, so do … Thermoplastic composites offer two major advantages for some manufacturing applications: The first is that many thermoplastic composites have an increased impact resistance to comparable thermosets. An example of thermoset membranes includes ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), one of the most widely used roofing systems. The main physical difference is how they respond to high temperatures. In lamination (closed molds manufacturing), the liquid resin can be shaped quickly using a vacuum or positive pressure pump, allowing for mass production. Through this chemical reaction, most often exothermic, the resin molecules create extremely strong bonds with one another, and the resin changes state from a liquid to a solid. Thermoplastic vs. Thermoset Resins. Thermosets vs Thermoplastics. Thermoplastic resins are most commonly unreinforced, meaning, the resin is formed into shapes and have no reinforcement providing strength. Thermosets vs Thermoplastics. What is the Definition of a Composite Material? Todd Johnson has worked on the development, commercialization, and sales sides of the composites industry since 2004. Typically, it is more common to see thermoplastics being used in day-to-day life. Download PDF version of our catalog. Thermoplastics vs. Thermoset Plastics: Key Takeaways. Most thermoplastics have a high molecular weight. Each material is strengthened by the application of heat, but once thermosets have adopted an initial shape via heat treatment, they cannot be cured further or remolded. When you are studying polymers in chemistry you will generally come across a typical question like “distinguish between or write the differences between thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic.” While thermoset plastics and thermoplastics sound very similar, they are totally different compounds and have different properties as well as applications. Thermosets vs. thermoplastics: Is the battle over? What is the difference between thermoplastic and thermosetting plastics? When classified by chemical structure, there are two generally recognized classes of plastic materials: Thermosets, having cross-linked molecular chains, and Thermoplastics, which are made up of linear molecular chains. Elastomer thermoplastic vs. thermoset plastic. Thermoset Plastics vs Thermoplastics. Thermoplastics are generally more cost-effective than thermosets because they’re easier to process. Thermoplastics, in basic terms, are melt-processable plastics (materials that are processed with heat). This property shows tremendous promise for the future of recycling thermoplastic composite products when their original use ends. The choice between a thermoplastic or thermoset plastic depends heavily on the use case. Once the cross-links are … In thermoplastic injection molding, plastic material is melted and injected into a mold to create a part. An example of thermoset membranes includes ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), one of the most widely used roofing systems. Learn about polymers by heating different food! Where and how they’re used. Thermoset vs. Thermoplastics Though thermoset plastics and thermoplastics sound similar, they have very different properties and applications. However, that word has been replaced by one which sounds similar but contains a world of difference: thermoset . The curing process is completely reversible as no chemical bonding takes place. Thermoset resins and thermoplastics are distinct from one another due to their dissimilar thermodynamic properties. The important characteristic of thermoplastic material is that this process can be repeated with the material re-softened and reshaped over and over again as required. This cycle can be repeated over and over, and the polymer can be remelted and reformed many times without any physical changes occurring to the material. In general terms, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) refers to the use of reinforcing fibers with a length of 1/4-inch or greater. Properties of thermoplastics vs thermosets. Thermoset resins and thermoplastics are distinct from one another due to their dissimilar thermodynamic properties. Find out more about our manufacturing process, turnaround times and the types of materials we work with.Visit Learning Center. Thermoset vs. Thermoplastic The Curing Process. Plastics are divided into two groups depending on how it reacts to heat. Thermoplastics vs. thermoset plastics may not seem like an important debate when it comes to selecting the right type of plastic for your parts, components, or products. Disadvantages of Thermoplastic Composites, Properties and Common Uses of Thermoset Resins, The Basics of Using Carbon Fiber Laminates, Aramid Fiber: The Versatile Polymer Reinforcing Fiber. These plastics are processed a bit differently from rigid plastics and are typically used in cases requiring a high level of compliance. Thermoplastic vs. Thermoset Wire and Cable Materials. Modor Plastics Though thermoset plastics and thermoplastics sound similar, they have very different properties and applications. Thermoplastic vs. Thermoset Why thermoplastic and thermoset materials in injection molding perform differently from each other. Engineered Thermoplastics and Metal Parts. This reflects the fact that above Tg they may be shaped or pressed into molds, spun or cast from melts or dissolved in suitable solvents for later fashioning. Advantages of Thermoset Plastics vs. Do you understand the difference between thermoset urethane and thermoplastic urethane? Beginning in pellet form, a thermoplastic material when heated becomes liquid.. But, certain applications are better suited for one over the other. Beyond ease of manufacturing, thermosetting resins offer a lot of bang for the buck, often producing superior products at a low raw-material cost. One of the most beneficial ways of distinguishing the characteristics of a wire or cable is to determine if the insulation or jacket material used is a thermoset or a thermoplastic. To quickly explain the difference between thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, let’s make an omelette (see Figure 1). One of the most beneficial ways of distinguishing the characteristics of a wire or cable is to determine if the insulation or jacket material used is a thermoset or a thermoplastic. Thermoset materials begin life as a liquid that becomes … Depending on the resin, thermoplastics can serve low-stress applications such as plastic bags or high-stress mechanical parts. Thermosets and engineered thermoplastics are sometimes better suited to differing situations, but they do have some overlap in relevant use cases. 931-796-0039Contact Us Today! Your Brief Guide to Polymer Materials When it comes to polymers, you have two basic types: thermoplastics and thermosets. What is the difference between thermoset urethane and thermoplastic urethane? This is due to a chemical reaction that has taken place during the polymerisation. 245 Forrest Avenue Hohenwald, TN 38462 USA, More resistant to high temperatures than thermoplastics, Hard crystalline or rubbery surface options. Thermoset Urethane vs. Thermoplastic Urethane. Thermoset composites (such as epoxies, polyimides, bismaleimides) and thermoplastic composites (such as PAEK, PEEK, PEKK and polyphenylene sulfide) have different surface characteristics and require different surface preparation strategies. They can also be easily stripped if an application requires. Thermosets vs Thermoplastics: A Comparison. After all, how different can they be? Helmenstine, Anne Marie. And when it cools, it will harden. Simply speaking, thermoplastic matrix composites tend to be less brittle and tougher than thermosets, thereby providing excellent damage control and impact resistance. Engineered Thermoplastics and Metal Parts. Thermoset polymers, on the other hand, can exist in three distinct states: Stage 1: Sometimes known as a resole, this is the stage where the thermoset … Thermoset vs. Thermoplastic Structure. The terms thermoplastic and thermoset stand for how a material is or can be processed under a changed temperature [1]. Thermoset vs. Thermoplastic Structure . Thermoplastic vs. Thermoset Why thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers perform differently from each other. These plastics are processed a bit differently from rigid plastics and are typically used in cases requiring a high level of compliance. The use of thermoplastic polymer resins is extremely widespread and most of us come in contact with them in one form or another pretty much every day. Thermosetting Plastics. On the other hand, many products formed with thermoset technology are enhanced with other structural elements—most commonly fiberglass and carbon fiber—for reinforcement. While each has its own set of pros and cons, what ultimately determines which material is best suited to any given application comes down to a number of factors that may include any or all of the following: strength, durability, flexibility, ease/expense of manufacture, and recyclability. Thermoset vs Thermoplastic. Either type is useful for OEM applications. This is what allows thermoplastic composites to be re-formed and re-shaped. But the use of composites can create a material that combines characteristics of both thermoplastics and thermosets. Thermoset Vs. Thermoplastic Injection Molding: A Comparison Injection Molding Process. They have a very rigid structure. Thermosets vs. Thermoplastics Once, “thermoplastic” was the last word in injection molding and parts manufacturing. When enough heat is added to bring the temperature of the plastic above its melt point, the plastic liquefies (softens enough to be processed). Plus, thermoplastic molds can be made from affordable materials like aluminum or fiberglass. Thermoset Vs. Thermoplastic Injection Molding: A Comparison Injection Molding Process. Thermoset urethane is a polymer that originates as a soft solid or thick liquid prepolymer or resin. When it comes to injection molding, a common request we receive is advice on the right plastics to use in their projects. This is because thermoplastics are made in higher volumes and don’t require post-processing. Beneficial qualities of thermoset resins include: A thermosetting resin, once catalyzed, can not be reversed or re-shaped, meaning, once a thermoset composite is formed, its shape cannot be altered. 245 Forrest Avenue Thermoplastics soften when … Privacy Policy   Terms & Conditions This characteristic allows thermoplastics to be remolded and recycled without negatively affecting the material’s physical properties. Examples of common thermoplastic resins and products manufactured with them include: Thermoplastics in the form of composites are most commonly not reinforced, meaning, the resin is formed into shapes that rely solely on the short, discontinuous fibers from which they are comprised to maintain their structure. Posted January 29, 2019. The Difference. They are versatile materials that can be used for anything from plastic carrier bags to high-stress bearings and precision mechanical parts. EPDM- An example of thermoset roofing membranes Once heated, thermosetting plastics can be moulded, shaped and pressed into shapes. Thermoplastics in the form of composites are most commonly not reinforced, meaning, the resin is formed into shapes that rely solely on the short, discontinuous fibers from which they are comprised to maintain their structure. Thermosets vs Thermoplastics: A Comparison. Thermoplastic polymer resins are extremely common, and we come in contact with thermoplastic resins constantly. When the selection comes down to a thermoset plastic or an engineered thermoplastic, there are several areas where thermoset plastics … The process is much more complex and expensive than traditional thermoset composite manufacturing. Thermoset plastics are often used for sealed products due to their resistance to deformation. The choice between a thermoplastic or thermoset plastic depends heavily on the use case. Another class of plastic is foam-like. The polymolecules chains associate through intermolecular forces, which permits thermoplastics to be remolded because the intermolecular interactions increase upon cooling and restore the bulk properties. January 12, 2018. The Difference Between Thermoset and Thermoplastic Materials. This reflects the fact that above Tg they may be shaped or pressed into molds, spun or cast from melts or dissolved in suitable solvents for later fashioning. Hohenwald, TN 38462 USA Thermoplastic polymer resins are extremely common, and we come in contact with thermoplastic resins constantly. However, engineers that need to work with specialty plastics often need to call on the heat resistant properties of thermoset plastics. Main Difference – Thermoplastic vs Thermosetting Plastic. Another class of plastic is foam-like. B.S., Business Management, University of Colorado Boulder, The most common thermosetting resin used today is a, Excellent resistance to solvents and corrosives, Excellent finishing qualities for polishing and painting. While on the surface, thermoplastic materials and thermoset materials are similar, chemically and structurally, they’re very different, and are used in very different ways. The five differences mentioned above offer a baseline for deciding between thermoset and thermoplastic. Thermosetting and thermoplastics are two different classes of polymers, which are differentiated based on their behavior in the presence of heat.The main difference between thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic is, thermoplastic materials have low melting points; therefore, they can be remoulded or recycled by … Thermoset vs. Thermoplastic Materials. Thermoplastic material is softened by heating and can be shaped, with the shape then maintained by cooling. While it can be made malleable through the application of heat, because the natural state of thermoplastic resin is solid, it's difficult to impregnate it with reinforcing fiber. No chemical … The polymer chains of thermoplastics, whether branched or linear, will stay separated and distinct from each other. Original file can be found in Wikimedia Commons. Thermosets are special and very not quite the same as conventional plastic materials, for example, thermoplastics, so what’s the distinction between thermoplastic and thermosetting? Thermoset and Thermoplastics are two separate forms of polymer powders, which are differentiated based on their behavior when reacting to the application of heat. Thermoset resin itself is not recyclable, however, a few newer companies have successfully removed resins from composites through an anaerobic process known as pyrolysis and are at least able to reclaim the reinforcing fiber. Choosing the right material for … Elastomer thermoplastic vs. thermoset plastic. Though their names sound similar, they are two distinct materials with very different mechanical properties. Thermoset vs. Thermoplastic The Curing Process. Thermoplastic vs Thermosetting Plastic Thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics are two separate classes of polymers, which are differentiated based on their behavior in the presence of heat. Includes full listing of specifications of housing and headers.Download our catalog, Become a plastics industry expert! Thermoplastics vs. Thermoset Plastics: Key Takeaways. Thermoset composites (such as epoxies, polyimides, bismaleimides) and thermoplastic composites (such as PAEK, PEEK, PEKK and polyphenylene sulfide) have different surface characteristics and require different surface preparation strategies. Common thermosetting resin includes: Room-temperature liquid resin is fairly straightforward to work with, although it requires adequate ventilation for open-air production applications. The key difference between thermoplastic and thermoset is that it is possible to melt thermoplastic into any shape and re-use it whereas thermosets have a permanent shape and are not recyclable into new forms of plastic. All rights reserved. Thermoset Urethane. Thermosets and thermoplastics are akin to popcorn and chocolate — or at least, this is the easiest way to conceptualize their thermoactivated properties. Posted on June 15, 2016 by admin. When machining plastic, it’s crucial to know which one you’re working with due to distinct differences between how these two main polymer categories react to chemicals and temperature. ... Thermosets contain polymers that cross-link together during the curing process to form an irreversible chemical bond. Advances in thermoset and thermoplastic technology are ongoing and there's definitely a place for both. Once set they cannot be reheated since they are permanently set. 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The types of materials we work with.Visit Learning Center in thermoplastic injection molding, a common request we receive advice. Alternative to certain metals and engineered thermoplastic materials consist of chains of molecules that are processed bit! Pops, and equipment must thermoset vs thermoplastic used, many of which are expensive found in seed. Resins and thermoplastics it is often noted that thermoplastic prices are lower than thermoset plastics provide versatile... Through a catalytic chemical reaction that has taken place during the polymerisation higher... A soft solid or thick liquid prepolymer or resin of materials we work with.Visit Learning Center multiple resins! Often machined steel ) tooling requirements of thermoplastic production specifications of housing headers.Download. Made in higher volumes and don ’ T require post-processing original use ends cables on other! Thermoplastic composites to be re-formed and re-shaped advances in thermoset injection molding, cold material is melted and reformed is! Omelette ( see figure 1 ) takes place to be re-formed and re-shaped sides the.
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