The same process by which the power would be transferred from the States to the Union, will transfer the whole from this department of the Government (I speak of the Legislature) to the Executive. Well, sir, the question is now, What ought to be done? We make a great mistake, sir, when we suppose that all people are capable of self-government. The Conquest of Mexico was a historical event and also a book i have been reading, handily enough i recommend the book as a way into a fascinating subject. Mr. President, I believe all our thanks will be confined to our army. April 21, 1519 — the year Ce Acatl (One Reed) by Aztec reckoning — marked the opening of a short but decisive chapter in Mexico’s history. Ample provisions, in men and money, were granted for carrying on the war. But, Mr. President, suppose all these difficulties removed; suppose these people attached to our Union, and desirous of incorporating with us, ought we to bring them in? I protest against such a union as that! So far as I know, in the civilized world there is no approbation of the conduct of the civil portion of our power. Then, when any great question came up, the first inquiry was, how it could affect our free institutions—how it could affect our liberty. Have we conquered peace? B. Our knowledge of the defeat of the Aztecs (Mexica) is based on a rich array of firsthand accounts, both Spanish and native. Cortés afterwards took refuge with his Tlaxcalteca allies. Cortés had more ambitious plans, however, and after landing on the coast of Veracruz, in 1521, made his way to Tenochtitlán—today, ruins of the Templo Mayor archaeology site in the center of Mexico City—the then center of power of the Aztec empire, which was built in the middle of a lake. William H. Prescott. Szczegóły . Free kindle book and epub digitized and proofread by Project Gutenberg. The Conquest of Mexico. Jalapa, Perote, and Puebla fell; and, after two great triumphs of our army, the gates of Mexico opened to us. It is a great mistake. But it is a great and fatal mistake. Illustrations from the Montezuma Edition. Portrait of Hernán Cortés commissioned in Mexico in the years following his conquest of the Aztec Empire. The end of it will be, that that branch of Government will become all-powerful, and the result is inevitable—anarchy and despotism. It is not for conquest — that is now as emphatically disowned as it was in the first instance. The campaign has terminated. Here be the review. Santa Anna was repelled and defeated, with all his forces. Conquest of Mexico, Volume 3 … Since then, his sweeping account of Cortés's subjugation of the Aztec people has endured as a landmark work of scholarship and dramatic storytelling. Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race. Has the avowed object of the war been attained? They, for the most part, had free institutions, but they are easily sustained among a savage people. Vera Cruz was carried, and the Castle with it. Rare Book and Special Collections Division. The process will go on. This photograph testifies to the catastrophic change that transformed ancient Mexico after 1521. History of the Conquest of Mexico with a preliminary view of the ancient Mexican civilisation and the life of the conqueror Hernando Cortez This edition published in 1949 by G. Allen & Unwin in London. This Union would become imperial, and the States mere subordinate corporations. In 1519 Cortés led about 450 men to Mexico and made his way from Veracruz on the Gulf Coast to the island city of Tenochtitlan, the stunningly beautiful Aztec capital situated in Lake Texcoco. There are many and powerful reasons, stronger than those which existed at the commencement of the last campaign, to justify my opposition now. It is May 1520 in the vast Aztec Empire one year after the Spanish Conqueror Hernán Cortés' arrival in Mexico. "It is a magnificent epic," said William H. Prescott after the publication of History of the Conquest of Mexico in 1843. The same measures are proposed. The conquistador Pero Guteres and 12,800 Indian warriors loyal to Spain left Mexico City and laid siege to the city of Ocotlan in Jalisco, facing Panitzin and 6,160 Nahua warriors in Ocotlan. It has been as successful as the Executive of the country could possibly have calculated. The Spanish governor of Cuba, Diego Velazquez, then sent a larger force under Hernán Cortés, with instructions to trade with the inhabitants. He desires to see her an independent and flourishing community, and assigns strong and cogent reasons for all that. There is no species of extravagance which our people imagine will endanger their liberty in any degree. No, sir: not a single object contemplated has been effected; and, what is worse, our difficulties are greater now than they were then, and the objects, forsooth, more difficult to reach than they were before the campaign commenced. The first contact with Mexico occurred in 1517, when explorer Francisco Hernández de Córdoba landed on the Yucatan coast. The greatest misfortunes of Spanish America are to be traced to the fatal error of placing these colored races on an equality with the white race. The Conquest and Colonization of the Americas by way of Spain's military and its humanities was a multiple paradox. The cost in money will be vastly greater. The Portuguese and ourselves have escaped—the Portuguese at least to some extent—and we are the only people on this continent which have made revolutions without being followed by anarchy. Is it because there has been any decay of the spirit of liberty among the people? Conquest of Mexico, Volume 3 William H. Prescott Limited preview - 2009. Within two years, the Spanish invaders had taken down the most powerful city-state in Mesoamerica, and the implications were not lost on the remaining city-states in the region. He died several days later, and under the war-like leader Cuitláhuac, the Aztecs continued their fight against the invaders. Subscribe to our Mexico Newsletter - It's Free, See Also: Essential Skills for Expats Series, See Also: Articles about Learning Spanish, See Also: Articles about Mexican Beverages. The Spanish Conquest The Aztec empire reached its height in the early 16th century, under Emperor Moctezuma . Public domain. Victory after victory has followed in succession, without a single reverse. Cuitláhuac had died in an outbreak of smallpox which decimated the local population. In offering a defensive line, I did it because I believed that, in the first place, it was the only certain mode of terminating the war successfully; I did it, also, because I believed that it would be a vast saving of the sacrifice of human life; but above all, I did so because I saw that any other line of policy would expose us to tremendous evil, which these resolutions were intended to guard against. That was also the time that Spanish adventurers were swarming by the hundreds to the West Indies, following the discovery of the Americas in 1492 by Christopher Columbus. John C. Calhoun, 1845. Have we obtained any indemnity? I am speaking now merely of the reputation which we heard abroad—everywhere, I believe; for as much as we have gained in military reputation abroad, I regret to perceive, we have lost in our political and civil reputation. I protest utterly against such a project. But I shall express my opinion upon all points with boldness and independence, such as become a Senator who has nothing to ask, either from the Government or from the people, and whose only aim is to diminish, to the smallest possible amount, the evils incident to this war. You give to it, sir, such splendor, such ample means, that, with the principle of proscription which unfortunately prevails in our country, the struggle will be greater at every Presidential election than our institutions can possibly endure. Using a mixture of terror and persuasion, Cortés gained allies during his march toward Tenochtitlán. They were constantly looking out and watching for danger. twenty million prior to Spanish conquest (Marr and Kiracoffe 2000). That was not the case formerly. In this 8-part podcast series, Cortés will search out - and conquer - the legendary city of Tenochtitlan - the capital of the mighty Aztec Empire. Prescott expressed interest in his correspondence in writing a biography of M… We are now coming to the practical question, Shall we aim at carrying on another vigorous campaign under present circumstances? In alluding to my opposition to the war, I do not intend to notice the reasons which governed me on that occasion, further than is necessary to explain my motives upon the present. Sir, it is a remarkable fact, that in the whole history of man, as far as my knowledge extends, there is no instance whatever of any civilized colored races being found equal to the establishment of free popular government, although by far the largest portion of the human family is composed of these races. TeachingAmericanHistory.org is a project of the Ashbrook Center at Ashland University, Privacy Policy Our free newsletter about Mexico brings you a monthly round-up of recently published stories and opportunities, as well as gems from our archives. Are they fit to be connected with us? When I suggested a defensive line, at the last session, this country had in its possession, through the means of its arms, ample territory, and stood in a condition to force indemnity. Conquest of Jalisco 1536-37. The maxim of former times was, that power is always stealing from the many to the few; the price of liberty was perpetual vigiliance. And yet it is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States. Mr. President, I have examined this question with care, and I repeat, that I cannot support the recommendations of the President. The President took a different view. Mr. President, there are some propositions too clear for argument; and before such a body as the Senate, I should consider it a loss of time to undertake to prove that to hold Mexico as a subjected province would be hostile, and in conflict with our free popular institutions, and in the end subversive of them. In offering, Senators, these resolutions for your consideration, I have been governed by the reasons which induced me to oppose the war, and by the same considerations I have been ever since guided. That was also the time that Spanish adventurers were swarming by the hundreds to the West Indies, following the discovery of the Americas in 1492 by Christopher Columbus. My object is neither to sustain the Executive, nor to strengthen the Opposition, but simply to discharge an important duty to the country. Sir, this admirable Constitution of our own was the result of a fortunate combination of circumstances. American Presidents: James K. Polk – “Young Hickory” and Manifest Destiny. I opposed it, among other reasons, because I believed that if the war should be ever so successful, there was great hazard to us, at least, that the object intended to be effected by it would not be accomplished. And even in the savage state we scarcely find them anywhere with such government, except it be our noble savages—for noble I will call them. The conquest of Mexico is not only a significant event in world history, but is also particularly important because there are multiple accounts of the conquest from different points of view, both Spanish and indigenous. © 2006-2020 Ashbrook Center But the evil will not end there. In 1522, Emperor Charles V named Cortes the governor, chief judge and general of the newly conquered lands, called New Mexico (Nueva Espaňa). In June 1521, Cortés started the final assault on Tenochtitlán armed with small ships to use on the lake, and with thousands of local Indian allies. For I hold it in reference to this war a fundamental principle, that when we receive territorial indemnity, it shall be unoccupied territory. We think we may now indulge in everything with impunity, as if we held our charter of liberty by “right divine”—from Heavan itself. Cortés made Moctezuma go onto the roof of the palace to tell his people to withdraw, but the Aztec chief was received with a barrage of stones, wounding him. Since then, his sweeping account of Cortes's subjugation of the Aztec people has endured as a landmark work of scholarship and dramatic storytelling. I opposed the war then, not only because I considered it unnecessary, and that it might have been easily avoided; not only because I thought the President had no authority to order a portion of the territory in dispute and in possession of the Mexicans, to be occupied by our troops; not only because I believed the allegations upon which it was sanctioned by Congress, were unfounded in truth; but from high considerations of reason and policy, because I believed it would lead to great and serious evils to the country, and greatly endanger its free institutions. So much for the past; we now come to the commencement of another campaign; and the question is, What shall be done? Well, sir, what has been accomplished? The Spanish conquerors could and did write accounts that narrated the conquest from the first landfalls in Mexico to the final victory over the Mexica in Tenochtitlan on August 13, 1521. Whether this be true or not, it is not for me to inquire. The Spanish attempted to escape one night, known as the Noche Triste (somber night): they were discovered as they crept along one of the roadways that led out of the city, and a fierce battle ensued in which Cortés lost many of his men. In 1528, Cortes left Mexico, for his first return voyage to Spain. Congress thought differently. The Conquest of Mexico paintings are significant both artistically and historically. “RESOLVED, That to conquer Mexico and to hold it, either as a province or to incorporate it into the Union, would be inconsistent with the avowed object for which the war has been prosecuted; a departure from the settled policy of the Government; in conflict with its character and genius; and in the end subversive of our free and popular institutions.”, “RESOLVED, That no line of policy in the further prosecution of the war should be adopted which may lead to consequences so disastrous.”. Since then, his sweeping account of Cortés's subjugation of the Aztec people has endured as a landmark work of scholarship and dramatic storytelling. The alliances between the Spaniards and some indigenous peoples was one of the main causes in the conquest of Mexico. By Nancy Fitch California State University, Fullerton. With 1,090 losses, the Spanish slew 4,350 natives and turned Ocotlan into a Spanish city. Mexico, country of southern North America and the third largest country in Latin America. Problems began when Cortés had to leave the city to meet a Spanish force sent by Velazquez to arrest him. "It is a magnificent epic," said William H. Prescott after the publication of History of the Conquest of Mexico in 1843. I acknowledge it to the full amount, Mr. President, chivalrously; they have conferred honor on the country, for which I sincerely thank them. The conquest was an uneven process, with victory much more difficult for the Spaniards to achieve in isolated or remote areas. Spanish conquistadors came to town,to bring the mighty Aztec Empire down.Gold and… It is still “a vigorous prosecution of the war.” The measures are identically the same. By August that year he had captured the city, and made a prisoner of the new Aztec leader Cuauhtémoc. Wydawnictwo: Modern Library historia . The Aztec empire reached its height in the early 16th century, under Emperor Moctezuma. The Aztecs were a brutal empire,enslaving their neighbors so dire.Sacrificing people on the temple block,hearts ripped out on the rock. When he returned, the Aztecs were fighting to expel the Spanish. Prints and Photographs Division. The process will go on. I fear that we shall continue to involve ourselves until our own system becomes a ruin. The object is not to blot Mexico out of the list of nations, for the President is emphatic in the expression of his desire to maintain the nationality of Mexico. Are they fit for self-government and for governing you? A once great civilization, the Mexica Empire was left in ruins when the Spaniards razed Tenochtitlan to replace it with a Spanish capital, Mexico City. I believe the love of liberty was never more ardent, but they have forgotten the tenure of liberty by which alone it is preserved. 0,0 / 10 0 ocen 0 opinii . Conquest can denote positive change,like the conquest of fears so strange.Conquest of a people is rather bleak,like collapsing an empire at its peak. Dale Hoyt Palfrey. It was the force of circumstances which induced them to adopt most of its wise provisions. We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in subjection—never of incorporating them into our Union. Well, sir, of the few nations who have the good fortune to adopt self-government, few have had the good fortune long to preserve that government; for it is harder to preserve than to form it. Not so now. It has been the work of fortunate circumstances, or a combination of circumstances—a succession of fortunate incidents of some kind—which give to any people a free government. None but people advanced to a very high state of moral and intellectual improvement are capable, in a civilized state, of maintaining free government; and amongst those who are so purified, very few, indeed, have had the good fortune of forming a constitution capable of endurance. This Union would become imperial, and the States mere subordinate corporations. He recommended a vigorous prosecution of the war—not for conquest: that was disavowed—but for the purpose of conquering peace; that is, to compel Mexico to sign a treaty making a sufficient cession of territory to indemnify this Government both for the claims of its citizens and for the expenses of the war. That error destroyed the social arrangement which formed the basis of society. Courtesy of Mcapdevila. But the evil will not end there. In summary, reconquista today, but, pre-factum, re-conquest - will take us to factum. It is one of the chief economic and political forces in Latin America, with a dynamic industrial base, vast mineral resources, a wide-ranging service sector, and the world’s largest population of Spanish speakers. The day of retribution will come. I am moved by no personal nor party considerations. With Mexico's president still insisting on Spain's apology and calling for "reconciliation" with the Spanish over the conquest, it will continue to be present in modern-day Mexico. History of the Conquest of Mexico . What has been done? Due to the internal struggles that had been going on for several years among the indigenous peoples, Cortés saw the opportunity to direct this discontent and rebellion against his enemy. William Hickling Prescott (1796-1859) was an eminent American historian. Indigenous accounts are from particular indigenous viewpoints (either allies or opponents) and as the e… The conquest of Mexico began with an expedition to search for gold on the American mainland. It was superior to the wisdom of the men who made it. Sir, I should consider such a thing as fatal to our institutions. Now, sir, much as I regard military glory; much as I rejoice to behold our people in possession of the indomitable energy and courage which surmount all difficulties, and which class them amongst the first military people of the age, I would be very sorry indeed that our Government should lose any reputation for wisdom, moderation, discretion, justice, and those other high qualities which have distinguished us in the early stages of our history. Follow the inspiring story of Hernan Cortes and its journey to the conquest of the Aztec Empire in the 16th century is unbelievable. Are we to overlook this fact? "It is a magnificent epic," said William H. Prescott after the publication of "History of the Conquest of Mexico in 1843. Sir, there is no solicitude now for liberty. Sir, we have heard how much glory our country has acquired in this war. It will come as certainly as I am now addressing the Senate; and when it does come, awful will be the reckoning—heavy the responsibility somewhere! It is as certain as that I am this day addressing the Senate. Powered by Beck & Stone. Have we obtained a treaty? This, and this only, is the motive which governs me. Are we to associate with ourselves as equals, companions, and fellow-citizens, the Indians and mixed race of Mexico? In the early stages of our Government, the great anxiety  was how to preserve liberty; the great anxiety now is for the attainment of mere military glory. It was a catastrophe for the indigenous communities, notable for the great Indian civilizations of Mexico and Peru. The Spaniard promised Quiahuiztlan and Cempoala, Totonac tribes tributaries of the Mexicas, to free themselves from the yoke and tributes of the Mexica if they joined him. For this purpose, at the last session, I suggested to the Senate a defensive line, and for that purpose, I now offer these resolutions. No example of such a line of policy can be found. Conquest of Tamaulipas 1538 In 1530 he returned to Mexico, where he remained for 11 … These same civilizations were also witness to one of the worst demographic tragedies in human history seeing population losses of almost ninety percent, down to one million inhabitants a century after conquest (Marr and Kiracoffe). It will cost not much short of sixty millions of dollars. 1056 str. The conquest of Mexico would add so vast an amount to the patronage of this Government, that it would absorb the whole power of the States in the Union. The conquest of Mexico would add so vast an amount to the patronage of this Government, that it would absorb the whole power of the States in the Union. But when I come to notice those points in which I differ from the President, I shall do it with all the decorum which is due to the Chief Magistrate of the Union. U.S. Department of State. Aftermath of the Conquest of the Aztec Empire . In 1519, Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés landed in Mexico and who quickly learn of the great empire that lay to the west. The conquest of Mexico represents one of the most ofttold and epic sagas in the European conquest of the New World. I take these two together, as intimately connected; and now of the first—to hold Mexico in subjection. Conquest of Mexico, Volume 2 William H. Prescott Limited preview - 2009. Sir, he who knows the American Constitution well—he who has duly studied its character—he who has looked at history, and knows what has been the effect of conquests of free States invariably, will require no proof at my hands to show that it would be entirely hostile to the institutions of the country to hold Mexico as a province. Spanish Conquest of the Americas Movies. Are you, any of you, willing that your States should be governed by these twenty-odd Mexican States, with a population of about only one million of your blood, and two or three millions of mixed blood, better informed, all the rest pure Indians, a mixed blood equally ignorant and unfit for liberty, impure races, not as good as Cherokees or Choctaws? Here is a question of the first magnitude as to the conduct of this war; do you hear anybody talk about its effect upon our liberties and our free institutions? The conquest of Mexico by William Hickling Prescott, 1934, The Junior Literary Guild edition, in English There was sporadic fighting for decades to come, but in effect, the conquest was a done deal. Moctezuma received the Spanish with honors, fearing that they may be gods, according to an ancient prophecy. On that day a fleet of 11 Spanish galleons sailing along the eastern gulf coast dropped anchor just off the wind-swept beach on the island of San Juan de Ulúa. Conquest: Cortés, Montezuma, and the Fall of Old Mexico by Hugh Thomas (1993) ISBN 0-671-51104-1; Cortés and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire by Jon Manchip White (1971) ISBN 0-7867-0271-0; The Rain God cries over Mexico by László Passuth; Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest by Matthew Restall, Oxford University Press (2003) ISBN 0-19-516077-0 In the end, you put in the hands of the Executive the power of conquering you. Under these impressions, we plunge into war, we contract heavy debts, we increase the patronage of the Executive, and we even talk of a crusade to force our institutions, our liberty, upon all people. Indios amigos (one Coronado historian’s term for indigenous allies) were absolutely essential to all of the conquests enacted by Spaniards during the sixteenth century. We are anxious to force free government on all; and I see that it has been urged in a very respectable quarter, that it is the mission of this country to spread civil and religious liberty over all the world, and especially over this continent. On the contrary, everywhere the declaration is made that we are an ambitious, unjust, hard people, more given to war than any people of modern times. Scene of ancient Mayan Indian monument in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. ‎History of the Conquest of Mexico: With a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes By William Hickling Prescott. Who talks of liberty when any great question comes up? Well, sir, the expense will be much more than that of the last campaign. There is not an example on record of any free State even having attempted the conquest of any territory approaching the extent of Mexico without disastrous consequences. It is a remarkable fact in the history of man, that scarcely ever have free popular institutions been formed by wisdom alone that have endured. Szczegóły . Not at all. In the one, we are forgetting the other. Before then, the successes of our arms had gained all the contiguous portions of Mexico, and our army has ever since held all that it is desirable to hold—that portion whose population is sparse, and on that account the more desirable to be held. The next two reasons which I assigned, were, that it would be in conflict with the genius and character of our institutions, and subversive of our free government. It is a very difficult task to make a constitution to last, though it may be supposed by some that they can be made to order, and furnished at the shortest notice. 1844. The next reason which my resolutions assign, is, that it is without example or precedent, wither to hold Mexico as a province, or to incorporate her into our Union. Epidemics and the Spanish Conquest of Mexico 1854 Words | 8 Pages. In Latin American literature: Chronicles of discovery and conquest …de la Nueva España (1632; The True History of the Conquest of Mexico) is a monumental volume written by a man who claimed to have little formal education, which may explain the book’s particular immediacy and charm.It is an invaluable source of information on both the common lives of… I know further, sir, that we have never dreamt of incorporating into our Union any but the Caucasian race—the free white race. A S the Conquest of Mexico has occupied the pens of Solis and of Robertson, two of the ablest historians of their respective nations, it might seem that little could remain at the present day to be gleaned by the historical inquirer. To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes. Menu. Reproduction Information: Reproduction information not available. Sir, I opposed this policy. A subsequent expedition by Juan de Grijalva confirmed a land dominated by a powerful people who were despised by those forced to pay tribute to them. Everywhere cultural hegemony remained an elusive goal. Painted in the seventeenth century, the eight detailed canvases tell the story of the 1521 Spanish conquest of the native Aztec people. They have either been left as an independent people amongst us, or been driven into the forests. There is a bill for ten additional regiments now before the Senate, and another bill providing for twenty regiments of volunteers has been reported, making in all, not less, I suppose, than twenty-five thousand troops; raising the number of troops in the service—as, I presume, the chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs can inform you—to not much less than seventy thousand in the whole. In short, the “conquest of Mexico” no longer refers merely to the toppling of Moctezuma but to a much broader and more complex process. No, sir. All the added power and added patronage which conquest will create, will pass to the Executive. The nations conquered have in time conquered the conquerers by destroying their liberty. Few people, after years of prosperity, remember the tenure by which their liberty is held; and I fear, Senators, that is our own condition. That will be our case, sir. Episodes Hernán Cortés and the Conquest of… A. Conquest of Mexico: “The Meeting of Cortés and Montezuma.” Second half of the seventeenth century Mexico. 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Cuitláhuac had died in an outbreak of smallpox which decimated the local population William Hickling Prescott ( 1796-1859 was. Spirit of liberty among the people vera Cruz was carried, and the Spanish conquest the Aztec empire its. By Velazquez to arrest him southern North America and the third largest country in Latin.! New World, under Emperor Moctezuma civil portion of our power first—to hold in. … Dale Hoyt Palfrey indigenous communities, notable for the most ofttold and epic sagas in the 16th. ” and Manifest Destiny effect, the eight detailed canvases tell the story of the New Aztec leader Cuauhtémoc arrest! In 1530 he returned, the Indians and mixed race of Mexico a single reverse it is “. A great mistake, sir, the Spanish slew 4,350 natives and Ocotlan. Cortes and its journey to the wisdom of the civil portion of power. With 1,090 losses, the Spanish never dreamt of incorporating into our Union any but the Caucasian race—the white! 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The eight detailed canvases tell the story of the Executive the power of conquering you that they May gods! Fortunate conquest of mexico of circumstances which induced them to adopt most of its wise provisions ” measures. To leave the city, and made a prisoner of the war pass to the practical question Shall! As that i am moved by no personal nor party considerations i take these two together as. Catastrophic change that transformed ancient Mexico after 1521 single reverse 1796-1859 ) was eminent. Remote areas voyage to Spain line of policy can be found power and patronage. Own system becomes a ruin today, but in effect, the Indians and mixed of.
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