Greenland’s 2020 summer melting: a new normal? A new paper by our colleagues Twila Moon, Alex Gardner, Bea Csatho, Ivan Parmuzin, and Mark Fahnestock analyzes how ice outflow speed and surface melting have increased. Credit: Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE) High-resolution image. The 2020 regional pattern had low SMB all along the western side of the ice sheet but near average to slightly above average along most of the eastern coastal areas. Observations derived from brightness temperatures measured by the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) passive microwave radiometer (e.g., Mote 2007; Tedesco et al. Learn about update delays. This is a false melt signal from seasonal snow and patchy ice areas, where our method of determining surface melting does not work. The 2020 season, which runs from September 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020 in this analysis, shows a net loss smaller than many recent years, but larger than most years in the previous century. Tedesco, M. and X. Fettweis. “It used to be rare to get temperatures above 0 degrees on the ice sheet, but no longer,” Bevis said. We looked at the three largest glaciers in Greenland and used historical aerial photographs combined with measurements scientists had taken directly over the years, to reconstruct how the volume of these glaciers had changed over the period 1880 to 2012. Greenland ice melting past 'tipping point': study. Occasional short-term delays and data outages do occur and are usually resolved in a few days. This week, over 60% of Greenland… Every year, Greenland gains ice during the winter from the accumulation of compacted snow and then during the summer months, it loses ice from … Our conclusion is that the models are at fault, even including the latest and most sophisticated available which are being used to assess how the whole ice sheet will respond to the next century of climate change. Greenland is melting at an unprecedented rate, causing vast quantities of ice to disappear and global sea levels to rise. This issue does not affect trends for the entire ice sheet. The 2020 Greenland Ice Sheet SMB simulated by MARv3.5.2 in real time, Polar Portal’s Greenland surface conditions, Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE), Jason Box, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) in Copenhagen, Denmark, Xavier Fettweis, Université of Liège in Belgium, providing the MARv3.11 model results, Twila Moon, National Snow and Ice Data Center. That is exactly what colleagues and I did in a new study now published in the journal Nature Communications. Greenland Ice Sheet Today is produced at the National Snow and Ice Data Center by Ted Scambos, Julienne Stroeve, and Lora Koenig with support from NASA. Because of something called polar amplification the Arctic will likely heat up by more than double the global average, with the climate models indicating around 8.3˚C warming over Greenland in the most extreme scenario, RCP8.5. Other lines of evidence support this conclusion. But in the context of Earth's 4.5 … Greenland is the largest island in the world and on it rests the largest ice mass in the Northern Hemisphere. Higher-than-average temperatures, with up to 3 degrees Celsius (5 degrees Fahrenheit) were limited to the far northern flank of the ice sheet, and significantly lower-than-average temperatures of 1.5 to 2 degrees Celsius (3 to 4 degrees Fahrenheit) near the Scoresby Sund in east-central Greenland. Researchers also see evidence for ice flow rerouting and even abandonment of some glacier outlets. The approach is founded on the idea that the past can help inform the future, not just in science but in all aspects of life. University of Bristol apporte des fonds en tant que membre fondateur de The Conversation UK. The study, which used data from NASA’s Operation IceBridge airborne campaign, was published in Science Advances today. This pattern of temperature and pressure was remarkably consistent through all the individual months of June, July, and August. If we do continue along that very scary RCP8.5 trajectory of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, the Greenland ice sheet is very likely to start melting at rates that we haven’t seen for at least 130,000 years, with dire consequences for sea level and the many millions of people who live in low lying coastal zones. Responses include narrowing of fast flow regions, rerouting of ice flow, and abandonment of some glacier outlets. Jonathan Bamber receives funding from the UK Natural Environment Research Council and the European Research Council. But that’s not going to happen is it? The ice sheet, consisting of layers of compressed snow from more than 100,000 years, contains in its ice today's most valuable record of past climates. Observations around the ice sheet margin (b-d) show new details about how the ice sheet is responding (faster flow in red, slower in blue). See our, Exchange for Local Observations and Knowledge of the Arctic (ELOKA), NASA Distributed Active Archive Center at NSIDC (NSIDC DAAC), All About Arctic Climatology & Meteorology. The key factors for surface mass loss and melting for Greenland in 2019 included: 1) exceptional persistence of anticyclonic conditions (high pressure) during the 2019 summer, promoting dry and sunny weather that enhanced the surface melt thanks to the melt-albedo feedback, and 2) low snowfall in the preceding fall-winter-spring, particularly in the high-melt areas of western Greenland. Melting ice is the main cause of sea level rise, and Greenland contributes the most meltwater to the ocean. This can be compared to the major melt and ice loss years of 2012, 2019, and others in the last decade with values between 225 and 325 billion tons below average (Figure 5b). Despite this dramatic and terrifying hike in temperature Faezeh’s modelling study projected that the “big three” would contribute between 9 and 15 mm to sea level rise by 2100, only slightly more than what we obtained from a 1.5˚C warming over the 20th century. The Greenland ice sheet's losses have accelerated dramatically since the 1990s and it's now losing more than seven times as much ice per year, according to a new study. Greenland’s glaciers contain around 8% of the world’s fresh water. Voir les partenaires de The Conversation France. The Cumulative Melt Days image (right) shows the total number of days that melt occurred, year to date. But there may very well be mechanisms that are not picked up … Rapid reconfiguration of the Greenland Ice Sheet coastal margin. The Greenland ice sheet is about the same size as the state of Alaska and 10,000 feet thick in places. Similar conditions occurred in 2012, the record melt year, when melting a… Looking for facts and information? This reconfiguration of the ice sheet has important implications for other elements of the Greenland system, such as the flow of water beneath the ice sheet, and the movement of sediment and nutrients into the fjords. If the ice melts faster, then sea level will rise faster. If all that ice melted, the sea would rise by more than 7 metres. A look at weather station data along Greenland’s west coast reflects the regional temperature trends (Figure 4). Moon, T. A., A. S. Gardner, B. Csatho, I. Parmuzin, and M. A. Fahnestock. The 10-year average line includes estimates from before 1978 on the left edge of the graph.Credit: X. Fettweis, Université of Liège, Belgium/MARv3.11 regional climate modelHigh-resolution image. Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center High-resolution image. 2020. The GRACE mission concluded science operations in June 2017. We will resume the daily image updates in April 2021. The top plot shows average air temperature as a difference from the 1981 to 2010 average at the 700 mb level, or about 10,000 feet above sea level, from June 1 through August 31, 2020. Much of the upper elevation areas of the ice sheet saw no melting this year. Thule, near a large US military base in northwestern Greenland, had a much warmer than average summer, but was still cooler than Nuuk, which is nearly 1,500 kilometers (580 miles) to its south. Greenland lost a record amount of ice during an extra-warm 2019, with the melt massive enough to cover California in more than 4 feet of water, a … (a) White and colored areas show the extent of the region where early ice flow maps (1985-1990) can be compared with images acquired up to 30 years later. What does all of that mean? NSIDC thanks Jason Box, Xavier Fettweis, Chris Shuman, and Thomas Mote for data and collaboration. With millions of people threatened … It’s interesting to note, however, that, according to a recent study from a group of US scientists it may be the most appropriate scenario up to at least 2050. A meltwater canyon on the Greenland ice sheet. The ice sheet lost 55 billion tons of … High pressure was dominant along the northwestern side of Greenland and Baffin Bay for the core of the melt season in Ju… So what does that tell us about the future behaviour of the ice sheet? The stream … The peak melt day for 2020 was on July 10, when 551,000 square kilometers (213,000 square miles), or 34 percent of the ice sheet surface, melted. Thus, the 2020 total melt extent tracked at a level larger than about 75 percent of past years in the satellite record after late June. Meltwater from the Greenland ice sheet represents the largest contribution to the current global sea-level rise. Credit: X. Fettweis, Université of Liège, Belgium/MARv3.11 regional climate modelHigh-resolution image, Figure 5b. Read about the data and other problems which occasionally occur in near-real-time data. With a growing record of satellite imagery and advances in image processing, scientists are now able to better explore the changes to Greenland’s coastal area in the last three decades. In 2013, a modelling study by Faezeh Nick and colleagues also looked at the same “big three” glaciers (Jakobshavn Isbrae in the west of the island and Helheim and Kangerlussuaq in the east) and projected how they would respond in different future climate scenarios. Calibration of yearly melt detection requires analysis of the springtime snow conditions by a separate program. A significant melt event is unfolding in Greenland this week. The top right map shows the difference between total 2020 melt days and the number of 1981 to 2010 average melt days from April 1 through October 31. Nuuk, the capital of Greenland on the central southwestern coast, had summer temperatures very close to average for that region. We are working to improve the ice sheet mask. Greenland lost more ice last year than in any year on record, and the melting has accelerated rapidly since the 1990s. If all that ice melted, the sea would rise by more than 7 metres . It contains enough ice to raise sea levels by 23 feet (7 meters). Data from NASA's GRACE and GRACE Follow-On satellites show that the land ice sheets in both Antarctica (upper chart) and Greenland (lower chart) have been losing mass since 2002. Greenland is the largest island in the world and on it rests the largest ice mass in the Northern Hemisphere. Some of Greenland’s alarming melting could be curbed if the world does stick to their plan and cut emissions by 2050 and ice losses this century could be held to 8,800 billion tons, CNN reported. The daily image update isn’t current; why? One way around this problem is to see how the ice sheet responded to changes in climate in the past and compare that with model projections for the future for similar changes in temperature. SMB is the sum of snowfall and rainfall minus any evaporation or runoff. © 2019, National Snow and Ice Data Center :: Advancing knowledge of Earth's frozen regions, Daily melt extent mapping is suspended for the winter. The 2020 melt season in Greenland is over, finishing thirteenth for cumulative melt-day extent in the 42-year satellite record. There were two later melt events of note, on August 20 when extensive areas in northwestern Greenland melted totaling just over 20 percent of the ice sheet, and a late event on October 17, limited to the southwestern ice sheet totaling under 3 percent of the ice. Credit: National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis data, National Center for Atmospheric ResearchHigh-resolution image, Figure 4. Melting was intense in the northeastern section of the ice sheet, with 20 to 25 additional melt days than average, and moderately intense in the southwestern section of the ice sheet with 10 to 20 additional melt days (Figure 1). The Daily Melt image (left) shows where the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet showed melt on that day. The Greenland melt images here are updated daily, with a one-day lag. This bar graph show net surface balance as a result of input vs output into the ice sheet for the 1978 to 2020 period based on reanalysis of weather data and snow-atmosphere model of process from MARv3.11. Greenland Surface Melt Interactive Extent Chart, Greenland melt data spreadsheets, and more tools for Greenland melt analysis. Net surface mass balance (SMB), which is the snow and rain input minus evaporation and melt runoff, was only slightly less than average at 314 billion tons, or 56 billion tons below the 1981 to 2010 average, according to the MARv3.11 climate model (Figure 5a). The balance between snow and rain input and melt runoff indicates a small net loss of ice this year. Openings in the ice, called "moulins," may lubricate Greenland's ice shelf, making it easier for the ice to shift and melt. Areas along the coast are masked out because the satellite sensor’s resolution is not fine enough to distinguish ice from land when a pixel overlaps the coast. Though local surface winds can be quite high under certain conditions, air pressure patterns over the ice sheet indicated generally light regional winds that favored a westward to southwestward flow. Greenland ice mass loss can contribute to sea level rise that surpass the most extreme scenario from the UN body on climate, IPCC. But just like other “classes” of history, the climate and the Earth system in future won’t be a carbon copy of the past. Read their blog ... Icelights: Answers to your burning questions about ice and climate. When scientists talk about the cryosphere, they mean the places on Earth where water is in its solid form, frozen into ice or snow. This will remain available for our users. The most extreme of these scenarios is called RCP8.5 and assumes that economic growth will continue unabated through the 21st century, resulting in a global mean warming of about 3.7˚C above today’s temperatures (about 4.8˚C above pre-industrial or since 1850). Get daily satellite images and information about melting on the Greenland ice sheet. Well not any time soon, but understanding how much of the ice sheet might melt over the coming century is a critical and urgent question that scientists are trying to tackle using sophisticated numerical models of how the ice sheet interacts with the rest of the climate system. All it takes to melt Greenland’s ice sheet is a surface temperature of 1 C and sunlight. Several recent high-melt years are shown for comparison. Air temperatures above Greenland were generally near average over the summer months this year (Figure 3). Daily melt extent mapping is suspended for the winter. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 125, doi:10.1029/2020JF005585. Home | Contact Us This graph shows the cumulative melt day area for Greenland for 2020, 2019, 2018, and 2012, as well as the 1981 to 2010 average and typical ranges of cumulative melt day area. Note that the northeast coast (northern Peary Land and Kronprince Christian Land) is showing erroneous melt pixels. Greenland dumped an unprecedented amount of ice and water into the ocean during the summer of 2019, when a heat wave from Europe washed over the island. However, visitors may notice that the date on the image is occasionally more than one day behind. Nonetheless, if we figure out exactly how sensitive the ice sheet has been to temperature changes over the past century, that can provide a useful guide to how it will respond over the next century. In some areas the ice cannot flow over the landscape via the historical pathways. For many fast-flowing glaciers, the research team found that the central channel of fast flow has sped up, but the edges of the channel have slowed, effectively narrowing the width of the fast flow area. We found that the three largest glaciers were responsible for 8.1mm of sea level rise, about 15% of the whole ice sheet’s contribution. Scientists have, using those ice cores, obtained information on (proxies for) temperature, ocean volume, precipitation, chemistry and gas composition of the lower atmosphere, volcanic eruptions, solar variability, sea-surface productivity, desert extent and forest fires. Greenland's ice cap is melting, and that water is draining into the ocean, contributing to sea level rise In July this year, it's estimated more than 30 billion tonnes of ice melted in three days Scientists blog from Antarctica and provide a glimpse of what it's like to do research in the field. Mote, University of Georgia High-resolution image, Figure 2. This scenario has sometimes been referred to as Business As Usual (BAU) and there is an active debate among climate researchers regarding how plausible RCP8.5 is. The rate at which Greenland's ice sheet is melting is even more alarming than experts initially thought, according to a study published in the … What's hot in the news around climate and sea ice and what are scientists talking about now? Greenland; Greenland's Ice Sheet Is Melting at Some of Its Fastest Rates in Past 12,000 Years, Study Says insideedition.com - Inside Edition Staff. Net snow and rain input are shown in yellow, melt and evaporation loss in orange, and net surface balance in green. Droits d'auteur © 2010–2020, The Conversation France (assoc. Greenland’s melting ice sheet has passed a tipping point of sorts, as glaciers on the island will continue shrinking even if global temperatures were to stop rising today, a recent study suggests. Melt extent was greater than any year prior to 2002, with about 70 percent of the ice sheet experiencing some melting. 2013) indicate that surface melt started early in 2019, around mid-April, 6 to 8 weeks before the long-term average (1981-2010 baseline, Fig. This variety of Professor of Physical Geography, University of Bristol. The bottom plot shows height difference from average for the 700 mb pressure level in the atmosphere for the same period. GRACE … On Thin Ice:Expedition to a Crumbling Ice Shelf. The trunk of N79 is covered in melt ponds and streams The Northeast Greenland Ice Stream drains about 15% of the interior ice sheet. In the past decades, scientists have drilled ice cores up to 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) deep. Polar Portal: Monitoring ice and climate in the Arctic Cumulative degree days (the sum of the difference between the freezing point, 0 degrees Celsius, and the maximum temperature each day for the spring-summer melt season for two automatic weather stations in Greenland, at Nuuk (NUK_L) and Thule (THU_L). Melt extent was greater than any year prior to 2002, with about 70 percent of the ice sheet experiencing some melting. Ice loss is influenced by the ways in which the wind and ocean interact with the ice sheet, CNN said. The fate of the ice sheet is not sealed, but unless CO2 emissions are sharply cut, the long-term existence of Greenland’s ice is in doubt. The Cryosphere, 14, 1209–1223, doi:10.5194/tc-14-1209-2020. The current melting will reverse that pattern and within the … According to new research headed by DTU, current climate models underestimate how fast the ice is melting in the Arctic. The estimates come from a model based on daily weather measurements. The heat is causing one of the largest melt events ever for Greenland, following a record event in 2012 where 97% of the ice sheet experienced melting. 1a). Satellite sensor improvements, such as on Landsat 7 and 8, and improvements in image processing for ice flow mapping (see ITS_LIVE) have created an improved set of maps for documenting changes in Greenland’s ice outflow. The problem is that the models aren’t that good at reproducing recent observations and are limited by our poor knowledge of the detailed topography of the subglacial terrain and fjords, which the ice flows over and in to. Greenland’s melting ice sheet could generate more sea level rise than previously thought if greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase and warm the atmosphere at their current rate, according to a new modeling study. Figure 3. Credit: Moon, T. A., et al., 2020, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth SurfaceHigh-resolution image. This graph shows surface mass balance (SMB) for Greenland’s 2019 to 2020 autumn-winter-spring season (red line) relative to a 1981 to 2010 reference period. See About the Cryosphere. Projections based on these models are therefore likely to under-predict how much the ice sheet will be affected. Greenland’s ice sheet shrank between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, and has been slowly cumulating over the past 4,000 years. Today, the Greenland ice sheet is losing mass about six times faster than it was just a few decades ago, whatever tenuous balance that existed before … Surface melting across the mile-thick ice sheet increased in the 19th century as human activity started to … Greenland is the largest island in the world and on it rests the largest ice mass in the Northern Hemisphere. These maps reveal substantial reconfigurations of several major glaciers (Figure 6). Currently, melting Greenland ice increases global sea level by about 0.5 millimeters each year. Greenland lost a record amount of ice during an extra warm 2019, with the melt massive enough to cover California in more than four feet (1.25 meters) of water, a new study said. The 2020 melt season in Greenland is over, finishing thirteenth for cumulative melt-day extent in the 42-year satellite record. A modest beginning to the Greenland melt season, Greenland Surface Melt Interactive Extent Chart, Polar Portal: Monitoring ice and climate in the Arctic, Sea Ice Index (Passive microwave satellite data), MASIE (Daily sea ice extent, multi-source). Click an image for a high-resolution version. Dr. Jason Box, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Greenland melt season model simulations This does not include the imbalance caused by ice flow. The daily image update is produced from near-real-time operational satellite data, with a data lag of approximately one day. The loss of ice from the Apusiajik glacier, and elsewhere in Greeland, is … Calibration of yearly melt detection requires analysis of the springtime snow conditions by a separate program. The lower graph shows daily area in square kilometers of surface melting from April 1 to October 31, 2020, with daily melt extent trends for the preceding four years.Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center/T. If all that ice melted, the sea would rise by more than 7 metres. The new data collected by ITS_LIVE are allowing researchers to characterize and understand what rapid deglaciation looks like on scales that matter for wildlife, fisheries, infrastructure, and communities. Écrivez un article et rejoignez une communauté de plus de 117 400 universitaires et chercheurs de 3 791 institutions. Roughly 95% of the Greenland ice sheet surface underwent melting during the 2019 summer. We post analysis periodically as conditions warrant. How can that be? But that's not going to happen, is it? 2020. The top left map of the Greenland Ice Sheet shows the total number of surface melt days from January 1 through October 31, 2020. Air off the far northern Atlantic Ocean in the Norwegian Sea swept in across the ice sheet. Figure 5a. Overall the pace of melt during the 2020 season was close to average until late June when a moderately prolonged period of above-average melt added to the cumulative total, bringing it to the upper part of the interquartile range (Figure 2). Our interactive chart supports a retrospective look at past Greenland melt seasons. The total aerial extent of surface melting (total melt-day extent) through October 31 is slightly above the 1981 to 2010 average at 23.10 million square kilometers (8.92 million square miles) for 2020 versus 22.00 million square kilometers (8.49 million square miles) for the 1981 to 2010 average. Melting was moderately intense in the northeastern region but less so in the southwest, where in recent high-melt years the ice sheet has been losing mass and exposing bare ice. Over the period of our study the sea globally has risen by around 20cm, about the height of an A5 booklet, and of that, about a finger’s width is entirely thanks to ice melting from those three Greenland glaciers. interacts with the rest of the climate system. 3 min read. Figure 6. New research published in … While thinning ice and retreats from the ice edge change the ice sheet, the shape of the land beneath the ice remains mostly unchanged. Unprecedented atmospheric conditions (1948–2019) drive the 2019 exceptional melting season over the Greenland ice sheet. By Dr. Xavier Fettweis, University of Liège. Figure 1. 1901), L’expertise universitaire, l’exigence journalistique. If all the ice that is on Greenland were to melt or calve into the ocean, global sea level would rise 7.2 meters (21 feet.) 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